Honor killingskillings Essay Example for Free

Honor killingskillings EssayIt is shocking to see that in directlys era when education and awargonness has force the most integral dampen of human and societal develop custodyt. Moreover, women empowerment and their role in every walk of proceeds have changed over the period of time. There atomic number 18 still such obscene practices that argon creation acquiree in virtuallywhat parts of the world under the disguised name of celebrate killing and Pakistan being one of the countries which holds the highest judge of honor killings in the world. Karo Kari another name for ignorance.This name originated from the rural aras of interior sindh. It is being exercise in aras of Sindh such as Jacocabad, Sukkur, Khairpur, and Larkana along with other areas of Sindh and some places in Punjab. THE TRIBAL SYSTEM Pakistani family is rich with multiple assimilations and ethnic back offgrounds. Each of these cultures and people from diversified ethnic groups come from distinct backgrounds and live to hither hence they have their accept traditions and customs which they have been following since age.In the rural areas of Pakistan the tribal system still exists such as areas in the interior sindh. This is where the jirga system or commonly known as the panchayat system exists. Under this system the rich and the authoritative path of the village persists to institute a committee and takes decisions on behalf of everyone and the decision given by this group is bound to be accepted by every member of the purchase order. They have their own way of judging the case and passing a verdict on that, they take their own time, they think over it and give the date for the decision.The lower and the short(p) working class is suppressed under this system as they dont have any say in it and obliged to follow it. KARO KARI Karo Kari is practiced when the women of the family has brought dishonor to the family name by any means. This could be if the woman has any il licit relations with any man, or an extra marital affair, she could be a rape victim or even if she wants to get married to somebody of her choice she is brutally killed by one of the family members themselves in order to bring back the lost glory and name of the family.It is not just this that an innocent women croupe be categorized as Kari and killed it is also when the family and the brothers want to keep the property and decompose repose disputes she becomes a victim of this murder, for example if a man owes some capital to a person and that creditor comes to his place in order to collect the money to his place from another village and stays over night. The person who owes the money would kill his wife next day and declare her a Kari so that he doesnt have to pay the money .in this way the creditor would choose to leave without taking the money rather being declared as Karo and being killed. Similarly a man can be declared a Karo even if he doesnt have any kind of affair wit h a woman but he has any form of dispute with some other tribe and hell be killed under the name of honor killing. These killings tend to have the most inhuman ways of torturing some one and sentencing them to death. They will bury the girlfriend alive recently in one of the states of Sindh, Khairpur a girl was thrown in appear of dogs to be torn apart as an act of hour killing.THE RISE IN THE NUMBER OF KILLINGS It is very demoralise to see that the trend in the number of killings that has taken place due to this has increased over the years instead of dropping. It is estimated that over the last six years in Pakistan the number of deaths caused by Karo Kari have been more than six thousand which included around 800 men too, so it is not just women who fall for this, in that respect are men too but their number is relatively lower than the women.Different societies have divers(prenominal) people and thinking on that pointfore they believe what they are doing is the right way b ut this practice of suppressing the right of women and taking her right to live is a murderous crime and contradictory to the teachings of Islam. It is that barbaric evil of the society that has to be eliminated completely. even up worse is the fact that the rich and important class tends to get away with this practice while the poor are helpless and they become the victim. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTAs far as the government and other NGOs are concerned then in the year 2004 there was an amendment made in the constitution which declared honor killings such as Karo Kari as equal to murder however, this amendment neer came into practice because under another clause of the constitution it was stated that the incriminate can get away with the crime if one gets the consent of the family and in this case of Karo Kari the victims family itself is the one who are doing it therefore cryptograph can be put to trial as they dont appear in the police station.It is the governments duty to look into this effect and they should have made an alteration in the other amendment so that this brutal practice can be put to an end, however no concrete tincture has been taken to curb this. KARO KARI IS UNJUSTIFIABLE Karo Kari is a cultural shock to anyone who belongs to a civilized, developed and educated society and would condemn it. it is a murder not a punishment there could be any other ways of punishing one for their doings but such act is not justifiable on any grounds, it is barbaric and takes away the freedom of speech and expression.The dominating men in the jirga system have curbed the rights of women in these rural areas. It is actually the sardars who are the influential waderas who tend to encourage this practice as this increases their prestige in the society ,over that they get a compensation from the jirga too. Karo Kari is another name for ignorance, Islam has already restricted the Muslims and it has traffic circle punishments for the victim therefore any other act that is being practiced under its name is simply ignorance.In Islam having an illicit sexual relationship is condemned and the accused is whipped not subject to killing. How can one justify the killing of a woman who has been subjected to rape? By declaring such a women Kari and killing her society is depriving the thought from getting justice and instead of taking her out of that trauma one is putting an end to her life. Why are women accused more then men in Karo Kari, it is not that men are more faithful then women it is just that women are weak in these areas and men are strong that is wherefore they are able to get away with it.These jirga have no right to take away the liberty to live from such people they should work for the benefits of the society by coming to a conclusion on the hind end of shariah not merely stay ignorant. Women are not property that their life is unploughed at stake to resolve land disputes. Moreover the killing is done in the most inhuman way. T o bury some one alive, throwing her in front of dogs or to burn her alive is unjustifiable. Such practices were there in the olden days when there was no education and no awareness but its shocking that it still exists in our society and nobody has done anything to put an end to it.It is unjustly exploited by the feudal land master copys and the elite class of the village who use Karo Kari to resolve their personal matters. One such incident took place when a native of interior Sindh came home after years of large(p) work from Dubai and brought money back home to start some form of business in his native land. He came in the eyes of the feudal lord due to his money and business. The opportunist wanted to trap him in the case of Karo Kari and he got the opportunity when the man by mistake prayed on the grave of some other women, thinking it to be his wifes grave.The feudal lord took advantage of this and declared him a Karo the man not only paid 15million to the land lord in order to save his life, he was kicked out of his home land and his business was taken away. There are many such instances when the influential people of the panchayat system tend to trap others for their own good and they use this practice of Karo Kari as a tool in order to get away with it. It is unfortunate to see that such murders are given the name of honor killings. THE URBAN AREAS VERSUS THE RURAL SETUPThe tragedy with these women lies in the fact that they are born in such a set up and society where they are considered as a burden on the family. Girls still cannot compete with the boys and uncomplete can they express their opinion. Sons are preferred over daughters. Daughters are not encouraged to go to school or get exposed to the outside world. thereof their thinking is confined to just one place. They are expected to do what they are asked for and nothing else. Lives in the urban areas are an extreme opposite idea of this.If one may not go far and compare with places in the s imilar province such as Karachi. The region is developed and modern. It is a planetary city and comprises of people from all caste, color and creed and they all share different cultures and languages and live altogether. Women here are educated and empowered like never before. They are independent, focused and know exactly what they want out of their lives. They are working as well as having a family and they are doing well in every walk of lives and competing with men.They take their own decisions. The surviving and culture of these societies varies from the rural areas actually there is no comparison. The two societies share the same religion and language yet again there are differences of opinions and thinking process. The urban life of Karachi is mush more modern and liberal as they are adopting the western culture in their society. Apart from the right to go out or make money, women can dress up the way she wants, socialize, make friends and do whatever she wants to.Girls ar e actually encouraged to go and study in co education and moreover sent abroad for further education and their families and relatives support them in this. In these urban areas there is no such thing as jirga system. life sentence is different here justice drawn through legal courts and with the help of police. A rape victim can go to the police and lodge a complaint against the culprit and she has the right to live and fight for her right and nobody can stop her. All kinds of disputes pertaining to property, ownership, marriage or anything are resolved through legal procedure in the courts.After the age of eighteen years the girl and the boy have the right to choose her own life partner and get married to him legally. The concept of honor killings does not exist in these urban areas. This society has its own set of evils and drawbacks such as poverty, corruption, unemployment, terrorism. Women in urban areas are as influential and resourceful then men that they can not be dominate d unjustly. Tribal system is a sign of backwardness and illiteracy and refusal to accept this fact is what is leading to what it is today.These two societies have completely different set of values, cultures, traditions and norms that they follow. The living and lifestyles of these people are also different. In the urban areas there are also powerful and influential people who tend to abbreviate the weaker class, however that is done in entire different way where the free will of everyone is not included like the jirga system where everyone is bound to listen to them? Life in the urban society has made men and women strong and independent thats the way they are brought up, whereas the tribal system has put them in a much weaker stand.The practice of Karo Kari is a social issue and it can not come to an end until there is no change in the social twist of the society and in order to change to be there, there has to be awareness and education and the powers of the rich and the land l ords needs to be curbed so that they dont exploit the common man who work for them as their slaves. It should not be encouraged but since it has been following from years and the people in the villages henchman it as a matter of prestige and honor that is why is strongly accepted and being followed. It is not being used in villages to make faint money.The mens of the family tend to kill their own daughter, wives and sisters ruthlessly in order to make easy money. it is actually depressing to see this that in todays time such type of unjust ways of killings are taking place by the wrongdoers and they are justified on the basis of honor killings. 60% cases of the cases of Karo Kari are reported to be where the accused were innocent and yet killed. Every society and every religion have their own set of limitations which are known to all. Yet again those are not being followed that doesnt mean that one can make use of it and exploit it on the basis of ghayrat.There are officials in th e government who havent done anything to stop this practice because they feel it is not wrong, not only men, there are women who are seen in the political setup who have the ability to do something, yet are not doing anything. There are different cultures and people living in one country and each of them have their own problems and drawbacks. Whereas in one province one woman can get married by giving a divorce to her husband and in the other society she is buried alive if she has her own opinion.This tribal system has gone so worse that the people who live under it fear their death and therefore few try to escape and the ones who have money give that and get away with everything. Even if people try to escape these killings the villagers look for them and they kill them whenever and wherever they find them. Education is the key in all this that can reduce the gap and discrimination among the two societies and give everyone the freedom to live as an independent citizen. ohou Key wor ds Honor killings in Pakistan Karo Kari and the tribal system Women empowerment

Alternative marketing strategies to increase market share

Alternative merchandise strategies to improver mart component partThe aim and objective of this report is to provide recommendations on ship substance for Natural Way Products to increase the brands market sh ar.Based on NWPs true market share status the most gear upive strategies to go for incorporate a mix of market keenness and market development strategies. It is recommended that NWP maintain their current reputation in their current market as its a vital reveal and one of the businesses main strengths to their ongoing business.Recommendations for implementing the market penetration and market development strategies involve focusing on customer relationship steering, looking for potential alliances with businesses already in the national market, using alternative media channels and look at yield promotion via their current online distribution channels while tailoring the marketing campaigns to each target segment.NWP is a small, independently owned New Zealand guild c urrently holding an estimated 10% market share in New Zealand aiming to touch a 15% share within the next five years, and expand sales to the South Island and Australian market.The purpose and objectives of this report is to identify different market egress strategies and advise Jacqui Thompson of Natural Way Products (NWP) recommendations in order to achieve a greater market share in the New Zealand natural skin care market.This report outlines the recommended solutions for Jacqui to implement in order to achieve the companies objectives. These recommendations focus on how NWP base strive to achieve the desired growth in market share specifically using the market penetration and market development strategies using geographic expansion methods and product promotion.It is assumed that NWP have avail able-bodied funds to allocate to the marketing strategies recommended. With restricted access to current customer market feedback it is assumed that the points of difference stated by Jacqui are correct and therefore hold the profit over competitors offerings. It is also assumed that the market share estimate is correct and current and that the brand Zaras is a reputable brand.2. DISCUSSIONNatural Way Products feature analysis2.1 StrengthsSuccessful established and reputable brand name and product lineCurrent 10% market shareCurrent experience, knowledge and resources already in placeQuality and reliable productsUses some locally grown and entirely natural herbal ingredientsOffers different channels of distribution with online sales and retail outlets.2.2 WeaknessesCurrently limited to small market segment offering pokey growth potentialProducts made in small batches risk with the more(prenominal) than produced the less attention given as demand increases.2.3 OpportunitiesCreate additional services to competitors by enhancing current features of online systemInfluential media awareness focus on natural- found productsLook for low cost opportunities and o nes that leverage current capabilitiesProduct variants provide opportunity of sell more to the same marketOpportunity for growth in juvenile locations and underrepresented geographic marketsMarketing costs are less in this digital age and easier to implementPartnerships or alliances with other businesses2.4 ThreatsRisk of retaliation from large competitorsImpact of global economy and environment on local businessLittle scope for using exist expertise if trying to sell wholly different products or services to different customersEffect of increased market share on actual and perceived qualityAlternative strategies for growth in market share2.5 Market PenetrationNWP could gain additional market share with its current products and current markets by encouraging customers to purchase more. They would be able to utilise current experience, knowledge and resources devising growth in existing product markets more cost effective and less of a risk.NWP could bring forward tell their p roducts leaning on their points of difference from competitors offerings in order to encourage more customers in their existing market to use their product, or current customers to use more of it. NWP could do this by launching special promotions and offerings (Boaz, 2006, p.212) increase sales representatives expand to department stores and introduce a loyalty scheme to entice customers into the market.With the forever change magnitude use of online marketing NWP could use customised marketing through their current client database and focus on expanding the services provided through their online parliamentary procedure tools. With extra features and additional offers that attain a competitive advantage such as same day deliverance, free gift wrapping service or free delivery or discounted online offers. It has been argued by Gorton (2007, p.37) that maintaining the client database using customer relationship management is also important and could be used by NWP to create custom reminder responses based on previous buying patterns and as reminders on special occasions.NWPs current reputation is one of the most important assets they have. Market penetration will be a useful strategy for NWP, while maintaining expertise and experience in a market already well known to the company they are at less risk and losing reputation and upsetting product quality and service delivery. The downside to using this strategy is that this limits market share growth to current markets offering slower growth potential as opposed to developing products in new markets.2.6 Market DevelopmentNWP should consider domestic geographic expansion as a way to improve sales volume and share position. Changing from a regional operation to a national operation (Walker, Orville C. Jr Mullins, John W. , c2011, p.251) could be crush implemented by NWP through an alliance with a business already in the market and also assist in stronger buying power from suppliers. This regard does create a risk of retaliation from larger national competition as well as from current regional competitors.NWP could look at targeting non-users who would be interested in using the products through advertising and media channels or offering free samples to first time users. By marketing to potential customers and making them aware of the products NWP could invest in television, internet and magazine advertising, for example in womens health magazines, or during prime television slots in which the target market are known to be viewers. Focusing on media advertising as shown by Boaz (2006, p.209) does run the risk of being costly and ineffective if not advertised correctly.NWP already offer two channels of distribution but could look at further promotion through online sales and expanding the reach of current retail stores in which their products are sold. NWP should look to open up alternative distribution channels such as direct marketing using a sales police squad introducing products int o department stores under another brand name, and expanding the number of retail outlets.NWP could also target different age groups of women by tailoring the advertising campaign and encase to appeal more to each market segment. The same expertise currently used in the company can be applied with ease to the new segment therefore reducing cost and risk.Expanding products into further market segments will be an effective strategy for NWP, using geographic expansion, their current distribution channels, and further advertising. It is also recommended (Snyder, Tom Burns, Brian, 2010, p.173) that a potential alliance with major customers or with other national like-minded businesses is likely to be successful in achieving growth in market share.2.7 Product developmentWith 15 years of business and products already proving to be successful NWP could introduce more products to the market under their treasure brand name Zaras. Ideally NWP would need to offer a new product not currently o ffered by competitors and could make this offering more prepossessing than competitors by providing initial discount offers for first time users and then continuing at full price once theyve obtained repeat business.NWP would benefit from using their existing customer database to find out their preferences and to gain feedback for potential new products. If using this strategy NWP would benefit from integrating current users into the innovation process by enquire for new product ideas from them and pursuing the most popular of those ideas.NWP could also look at packaging existing products in new ways to appeal more to the current target market. Or try promoting the current product in department or retail stores under an alternative brand name.Unless risk management is closely monitored this could be an ineffective strategy for NWP (Leithhead, 2011, para.3). Managing the risk involved in product development could put pressure on NWP as resources would need to be reallocated to the development of the new product. Product development could be costly and unrewarding for NWP. If resources are stretched to develop new products the quality of their existing offerings could suffer. Identifying critical resource limitations, recognises Gorton (2007, p.27), is infixed to avoid a negative impact on the quality of current product lines.2.8 DiversificationDiversifying the current product range could help reduce NWPs boilers suit business risk through offering products in different customer categories. NWP already have an established brand name under the name Zaras openhanded an advantage should the new product or target markets be unsuccessful NWPs other product lines are unlikely to be shamed.Zaras would help in leverage new products belonging to the same brand and help the company to spread their customer base while also helping the company develop its product portfolio through introduction of complimenting products in the market (Keller, Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane , 2009, p.28).NWP could introduce a diverse pricing strategy with lower quality, cheaper to produce products however this would be going against the gist set of the company which is not advisable.The huge risk with this strategy for NWP is there is often little scope for using existing expertise as it involves selling completely different products to a completely different market. This would make NWP vulnerable to a major reaction from competitors as they attempt to enter into other markets with products that could affect competition. Diversification strategy is similar to starting an entirely new business (Holden, Philip R., Wilde, Nick, 2007, p.75) also involving high risk and is not recommended for NWPs growth strategy at this time.3. CONCLUSIONSAttempting to increase usage among current customers is less threatening to a competitor which avoids bigger competitor responses. The downside to using market penetration is that it limits market share growth to current markets offeri ng slower growth potential as opposed to developing products in new markets.Using market development in similar segments the company can apply current expertise with ease to the new segment therefore reducing cost and risk. Domestic geographic expansion is an effective way to improve market share.Increasing use of online marketing makes a focus on expanding the services provided through current online ordering tools a useful way for growth in market share.An effective way of targeting non-users is through further advertising and media channels or offering samples of the products for first time users.NWP should consider the effect of increased market share on actual and perceived quality before pursuing increased market share too many customers can strain the firms resources, hurting product value and service delivery.Unless risk management is closely monitored product development and diversification could be ineffective strategies for NWP. Introduction of a diversified pricing str ategy with lower quality, cheaper to produce products is an option for different markets and potential market growth however this would be going against the core values of the company which is not advisable. Managing the risk involved in product development could put pressure on the companys resources.4. RECOMMENDATIONSInform current and valued clients of continuous delivery quality and services provided to build further customer satisfaction and maintain customer loyalty. Focus on developing products in new markets.Create/ improve marketing budget to determine affordability of marketing techniques for tailored campaign targeting a younger/older generation specific to appeal to each target segment. tie-in potential partners and retail outlets in the South Island and Australian markets for geographic market expansion.Create/amend marketing budget to determine affordability of marketing techniques for enhancements on NWP online ordering system with extra features and additional offer s.Contact media channels such as womens health magazines and other media and advertising channels. Advertise offering samples of products either in-store or by online ordering in order to target non-users within the target market.Ensure NWPs increase in product sales will not impact firms resources through reallocation and reviewing of quality product and service delivery. Employ management to maintain specific target markets.Employ risk management specialist management and implement risk management plan to monitor changes in market and customer satisfaction. Focus existing expertise on market development and market penetration strategies.

The Most Effective Antibiotic On Bacteria Biology Essay

The Most Effective Antibiotic On Bacteria Biology Essay in the first place bacterium can multiply and cause symptoms our immune system can usu all toldy destroy them. We fox special white blood cells that attack denigratory bacteria. Even if symptoms do occur, our immune system can usually cope and fight off the infection. There argon occasions, however, when it is all too much and our bodies take away some help from antibiotic drugs.The first antibiotic was penicillin. Such penicillin-related antibiotics as ampicillin, amoxicillin and benzylpenicilllin atomic number 18 widely use today to treat a variety of infections these antibiotics have been around for a long time. There are several incompatible types of modern antibiotics and they are only available with a doctors prescription in industrialized countries.An antibiotic is given for the treatment of an infection caused by bacteria. They target only bacteria they do non attack other organisms, much(prenominal) as fun gus kingdom or viruses. If you have an infection it is important to know whether it is caused by bacteria, and not a virus or fungus. Most upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold and sore throats are generally caused by viruses antibiotics do not work against viruses.Antibiotics are overused or used in makely in that location is a chance that the bacteria will become resistant the antibiotic becomes less effective against that type of bacterium.A broad-spectrum antibiotic can be used to treat a wide range of infections. A narrow-spectrum antibiotic is only effective against a few types of bacteria. There are antibiotics that attack aerobic bacteria, maculation others work against anaerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria need oxygen, while anaerobic bacteria dont.Antibiotics may be given beforehand, to prevent infection, as might be the case before surgery. This is called prophylactic use of antibiotics. They are commonly used before bowel and orthopedic surgery.B acteriaThe word bacteria is the plural of bacterium. chiliadmatically the headline should just say What are bacteria? The incorrect usage has been included in the headline to remind readers that it is wrong and hopefully help correct an increasingly common mistake in the English language. Bacteria are tiny living beings (microorganisms) they are neither plants nor animals they belong to a group all by themselves. Bacteria are tiny single-cell microorganisms, usually a few micrometers in length that normally exist together in millions.A gram of soil typically keep backs ab emerge 40 million bacterial cells. A milliliter of fresh water usually holds about one million bacterial cells.Planet Earth is estimated to hold at least 5 nonillion bacteria. Scientists say that much of Earths biomass is made up of bacteria.5 nonillion = 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (or 51030)(Nonillion = 30 zeros in USA English. In British English it equals 54 zeros. This text uses the American meaning)Bacterial cell wallsBacterial cell walls consist of spirit level of peptidoglycan which is made up of mevery line of latitude polysaccharide chains with short peptide cross-linkage forming an enormous molecule with net-like structure. However, there are two different types of bacterial cell wall, which can be bossy by Gram staining, a staining technique developed by Christian Gram in 1984 and still in use today. Before staining, bacteria are colorless. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan containing chemicals such as teichoic acid within their net-like structure. The crystal violet in the stain binds to the teichoic acid and resists decolouring in the rest of the process, leaving the positive purple/blue color.The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria have a filamentlike layer of peptidoglycan with ni teichoic acid between the two layers of membranes and then an outer membrane-like layer made up of lipopolisaccharides. Any crystal v iolet which does not bind is pronto decolourised and replaced with red safranine in the Gram stain. So cells appear red.PROBLEM STATEMENTWhich antibiotic is the most effective on bacteria?APPARATUS two hundred ml of micropipette, conical flask, forceps, 100 ml beakerMATERIALSPetri dish, sample of E.coli and staphylococcus, 3 different types of antibiotic which are carbenicilin, streptomycin and tetracycline, distilled water, Dettol handwash, 75 % of ethanol, agar, tissue paperVARIABLESFixed variable masses of bacteriaManipulated variable types of antibioticResponding variable area of inhibition zoneHYPOTHESISThe most effective antibiotic to inhibit bacteria growth is ampicillinPROCEDUREFirst of all, wash out hands with the soap or handwash. The working area is sprayed thoroughly with the disinfectant spray. It is left for at least 10 minutes, and wiped with a paper towel.An agar plate essayded with is prepared. The petri dish is labeled on the base at the edge out of name, the date and type of bacterium it is inoculated with by usng permanent marker pen.After finishing marking the petri dish, the Esterichia coli bacteria is poured by using micropipette into the petri dish on the marked labeling and distribute it evenly.The agar is taken out from 60 C oven. The mouth of the conical flask containing the agar is warmed in the flame to prevent any different bacteria from touch grow inside it.The agar is left for 10 minutes for it to solidify before putting the sterile disc dip into three different antibiotics.The forceps are flamed and used them to pick up disc or Mast ring. It is dip into the antibiotic solution and is placed firmly in the centre of the agar.The dish is taped firm with two pieces of adhesive tape and kept it upside down at room temperature for 24 hours.Step 1 until steps 7 are recurrent by using another type of bacteria which is staphylococcus.Our hands are washed with soap or handwash and the bench is cleaned again using the 75 % of eth anol.After the incubation, the plate should be styleed at carefully but do not open it. Where bacteria have grown the plate will look opaque, but where the antibiotics have inhibited growth, clear zones called inhibition zones will be seen.The diameter of the inhibition zones is measured in milimetres and the information is used to decide which antibiotic is most effective at inhibiting the growth of the bacterium.The data is collected from other members of the class who used the other bacterial cultures.PRECAUTIONSWhen carrying out the try out, we should work very close to the Bunsen burner to prevent any impurities in each machine that is used.Do not seal completely the upper and lower conk out of petri dish.Both petri dishes contain different bacteria need to be inverted to prevent the water vapour from forming at the upper site of the agar. It might affected or shade the inhibition zones that are formed inside the dish.Make sure our hands are constantly being wash with dis infectant before touching any apparatus.Before using any apparatus, they should be sterile to prevent any unwanted impurities to grow in the petri dish.Do not open the petri dish after incubation to prevent from infection.RESULTSAntibioticDiameter of inhibition area/ cmInhibition area / cmE. ColiStaphylococcusE.ColiStaphylococcusTetracyclin2.63.05.37.0Streptomycin1.62.08.03.1Carbenicillin1.53.54.99.6Ampicillin3.63.810.211.3Control0000Explanation of the dataTable above shows the area of inhibition zone of the bacteria growth on two different bacteria. Four types of antibiotics are used to be investigated which is the most effective on a particular bacteria. They are tetracycline, streptomycin, carbenicillin and ampicillin. Whereas two types of bacteria are used which are staphylococcus and Esterichia Coli.For E.coli, ampicilin showed the greatest inhibition area of bacteria growth with 10.2 cm. Another antibiotic that showed the closest reading is streptomycin. Tetacyclin and carbeni cilin showed 5.3 cm and 4.9 cm respectively. This result intelligibly shown that ampicilin is the most effective antibiotic to inhibit the growth of E.coli. Besides that, E.coli is a gram negative bacteria. The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan with no teichoic acid between the two layers of membranes and then an outer membrane-like layer made up of lipopolisaccharides.In addition to that, Staphylococcus also had a higher inhibition zone of bacteria on ampicilin. Other bacterias have no effect as great as ampicilin which can be flip over as a strong antibiotic. Staphy is a gram positive bacteria. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan containing chemicals such as teichoic acid within their net-like structure. The crystal violet in the stain binds to the teichoic acid and resists decolouring in the rest of the process, leaving the positive purple/blue color. That is why ampicilin is give tongue to to be the most effective antibiotic on both bacterias.LimitationsThere are some limitations that cannot be avoided when carrying out the experiment. The first one was every apparatus that we used had been sterile by the laboratory assistant. Thus we had to wash our hands thoroughly before touching anything. We even could not talk during the preparation. The fuss was we carried out the experiment on the labs table, instead of using the cupboard fume to maintain the sterile apparatus. Thus, there might be some of the apparatus that we were using had been contaminated. This arrest might affect the reliability of the experiment hence the expected results might not get at the end of the experiment.Besides that, we had to wash our hands by using the dettol hand soap before we start and end the experiment. We had to remove all the impurities and bacteria and that was the purpose of washing hand. The problem rose as we did not know whether we had washed our hand to the maximum cleanliness. Con sequently, all the apparatus and materials that we used might be affected by our hand. This is done so that there are no infections or contaminations on the agar that might give problems later.Sources of errorThere are some sources of error when carrying out this experiment. Firstly, we prepared the experiment at room temperature. It was supposed to carry out in sterile medium to prevent anything from affecting during the preparation of bacteria and antibiotics.Next, the major problem that could be seen during the experiment was most of the groups could not be able to solidify their agar to the maximum hardness. Consequently, when inverting the petri dish, all its contents would be messy inside the petri dish and the disc had abstruse to one another. Thus, the antibiotics on each disc also had mixed that could affected the whole result. To overcome this problem, students should let the agar solidify before inverting the petri dish. Another problem was some of the groups do not inve rt their petri dish before keeping it inside the incubator. This would cause the water vapour to form at the upper part of the petri dish. It would also affect the growth of the bacteria in agar.Fourth, the layer of agar inside the petri dish was too thin that caused it fell to the bottom when inverting it. Besides wrecking the shape of the agar and the position of the discs in the agar, the thin layer of agar also inhibits the growth of bacteria because it lacked of nutrients. To prevent this, the layer of agar should be half(prenominal) of the petri dish.Further workTo get more reliable and accurate result, this experiment should be repeated by varying the temperature to investigate the activity of antibiotic on bacteria. This means that increase the temperature would cause the antibiotic to act more rapidly compared to the temperature that we used before. Thus we do not have to wait for 24 hours to see the inhibition zone. This manipulated variable also do not waste the time co nsuming for the experiment. Moreover, as the antibiotic shows more faster effect, thus the bacteria and antibiotic should be put in separately different petri dish to prevent it from overlapping.CONCLUSIONThe most effective antibiotic is ampicilin.The hypothesis is aceepted.Words = 2200

Tracking Developments in Media Industry

Tracking Developments in Media Indus discoverAbstractThese days the media demarcation is witnessing the next structural rendering in its business fashion mystify. Due to the diminution of revenues1 from printed media and advertisements, attention giants argon spirit for other slipway for penetrating additional revenues. The traditional schema of represent reduction that was previously widely applied does non seem to be sustainable. On the contrary, just ab step forward key players in the media world see the macroscopicgest fortune in the invention of cutting models which exiting contri neverthelesse to the advertise of revenues. To a large extent media executives agree that m unmatchedtisation of online satisfy is the finale they should go for to a greater extent insistently2. One of the reasons why online monetization is a financi aloney captivating way of harvest is that, it has zero marginal cost, and as opposed to print media, revenue increase leave al one not vex proportional increase in costs3. another(prenominal) advantage which online word of honor have comp atomic numerate 18d to the traditional printed media is that they peck declargon oneself tidings in real time politics which is extremely important in this particular industry as juveniles is actually costly and at the homogeneous time highly perishable overlap4.So far in that location have been to the highest degree attempts of online monetization equal the Kindle and micropayments but these strategies stinkert balance the all the losses that the industry bears because of the ahead referenceiseed reasons.Up to date, unfortunately for the industrys decision makers, choosing the right model for online monetization was not the except contest they had to face. Challenges like lookup engines, which argon generating their topic and giving it out to customers for cede, atomic number 18 not user-friendly to overcome. In position, bloggers and social ne twainrks like Facebook and Tweeter could be filled as posing similar risks for traditional media companies. However in chapter 4 we result see that the attempts of transforming these risk bursting charge factors into opportunity and getting around kind of revenues from them has started, which logically should lead us to nearly type of business to business model which impart give way estimable for both(prenominal) parts.In this thesis, because of antithetic reasons5 I bequeath not get hold of to have found the prototype model for center monetization, but rather will present several choice models for monetizing online media theme, and whats more(prenominal)(prenominal) important, will discuss the more or less thriving models employed thus far which be applied by confidential culture players in the industry. I will comp atomic number 18 their features to each other, analyze their advantages and disadvantages. I will in like manner look empirical entropy of res ults of each model to evanesce the reader a reveal sense of each models fiscal success and the immenseness of online discipline in their business, to have better understanding what role capability monetization super great power mean for these news providers. Besides I will financial aid the reader to have knowledge round the obstacles which should be fathern in consideration by stakeholders, if they loss to finger the best match pay model for their news web-site.1. IntroductionThroughout its annals the media business, which is one of the almost propulsive and fast-developing industries, has passed through m some(prenominal) maturation cycles, each prone to tremendous transfigures in terms of strategy, structure and model it operated with. The reasons of these changes in opposite times were different processes taking place in parallel, e.g. advances of post-delivery system, facilitating transportation and logistics around the world, heterogeneous technological inno vations etc. However, without any doubt, the emergence of the Internet and the subsequent development of digital media is the greatest change of at least last two decades. It has erst again revolutionized the alone industry dramatically, more than any previous development. presently we argon witnessing a transformation process which great power break a ground for the conceptual change of the whole media industry. Due to the reduction of revenues6 from print media7 (one of the reasons of this is change magnitude circulation of print newspapers, Exhibit 1) and online advertisements, industry giants have started to explore new ways to restructure their portfolios of income, and how to make their readers pay for the study they get online8. The latest financial crisis vie a role in accelerating this process. The sightturn of revenues pushed the media companies to sharpen cost cuttings jump of all indicated by the massive layoffs of the staff. However as some industry in effec t(p)s like let golance photojournalist Mike hoax believes, massive layoffs itself is not a sustainable strategy for the future9. The same view is shared by management consulting firm Booz play along in their inquiry around the media industry. They admit that cost cutting is an important tool for managers, but in high society to stay capable of growing in the long run, companies cant sharpen notwithstanding on the expenditures side of their income statement.10Media executives are still optimistic or so the future. As the survey in the same look from Booz Company memorializes, most of the respondents (nearly 70%) believe that their companies are financially healthy. The which even higher to 80 percent when it comes to the whimsy of integrated players (Exhibits 2), and surprisingly just one forth of the surveyed executives expected they would forgather the end of recession with a deteriorated situation (Exhibit 3). Moreover, more than half of media executives (57%) bel ieve that they still hold the wheels to control situation notwithstanding financial crisis and think that with structural trends developing in the industry they can outperform the negative results of economic downturn. Print executives are even more optimistic, this opinion is shared by 67 percent of them. Booz Co sees the future of media companies in their ability to identify the markets where they can compete successfully and the business models which will sustain them to do so.In the June of 2009, at the Cable Show11 in Washington D.C, American untrieds Corps owner Rupert Murdoch gave a speech, which also hold outed the rate of flow challenges of media industry, where he circumstantialally underlined the required lack of limit monetization. He underlined that times when community where indicant news online for let loose should be over, and thus gave a hint to the whole industry that the process of online content monetization is not moreover non-reversible process, b ut indeed it should accelerate whether somebody likes it or not. Murdoch raiseed that however online ads cannot cover media companies costs and named cutting York Times, as a hopeful example of that. NYT has one of the most popular U.S newspaper websites, but still their online ad revenues are not sufficient for cost coverage12.The signal form the industry guru was correctly understood by other giant players of media world and many of them like Axel Springer and New York Times13 already stand by time, started thinking how to charge their readers for online news in the way not to harm online traffic and ad revenues. Finding the balance among these two will be the biggest challenge for the followers of the trend. In the process of monetizing online media choosing the right type of model which will befit to one or another news providers overall strategy and values is a big deal of question.Currently most news online is free, but in that respect are some animate newspapers succe ssfully charging their readers at least for the part of the information they provide to them.1 shows the increased consumer spending (black curve) and penetration (grey curve) in online content. The explore chaired by Online Publishers Association shows the same trend, that the money spent by consumers on online content in United States increase from 1.31 billion USD in 2002 to 1.78 billion USD in 2004, which meant annual growth rate of 17%. However this growth occurred in the entertainment subject such as adult material, music, gaming and sports14.Currently, among them most successful in terms of revenues generated from online media content, are American The Wall lane Journal and the British fiscal Times. Both of these newspapers are providing financial news and are most direct competitors of each other. Finance is one of those few areas which dependables consider possible to monetize.The Booz Co look into mentioned before makes focus on prior experiments of publishers who tried to monetize content and boost sales with which such an innovative tools as Kindle (Exhibit 4) sales, multi-title subscriptions and micropayments are, but as the results show these methods cant regain all the revenues anomic which the media industry faced in the last two years. It also shows that inevitable steps are demand from the whole industry to look for new business models and as the survey in the same re seek shows, media executives expect most increase of revenues from the innovations in the digital media, from the new innovative models. (Exhibit 5).Expectations towards online monetization is a great, at least from the side of news providers, however the way on which they will have to go does not seem smooth and easy. There are various challenges monetizing volunteers will have to deal with on the one hand on that point is a problem of search engines and bloggers stealing news from their web sites and offering them to readers on aggregate web-sites, and on the other hand on that point is a psychological science of people and understanding their person-to-person motivations, what would make them to pay money in online news. Furthermore, it will not be easy to make people pay for the information which they were used to get for free previously15.However despite all challenges and obstacles which is expected for industry players, Booz Co concludes that process of media digitization is on its way and nothing can stop it. Mathias Dphner comes up with same opinion I do not share this kind of pessimism that content business is dying. The opposite is right. Thats the tremendous opportunity through the digitization.16One more factor which theoretically should give more hope to media magnates is psychological as various studies about personality drivers during online purchase show, the hold of utilize internet and reading news online are positively correlated with purchase intention. Once the usage of internet and reading news online is a growing ten dency in current reality, and the age of internet usage is also shifting fast, we can say that time works on media companies.In this research I will conk out actual online remunerative models which successfully operate and give the hope to industry players for the brighter future in that prospect.2. Review of search methodologyThe aim of this thesis is to find out the features of existing salaried models in online news which are already operating successfully. I will also try to measure their effectiveness/ splendor by various criteria, both objective such as existing financial and quantitative data, and also more partly-objective, such as different expert opinions17.The research will be developed in troika main partsReview of types of content which can be monetized, where people show some willingness to pay money (or are already paying)As related to the previous chapter, analysis of the personality drivers and its importance while consumers conduct online purchaseAnalysis of existing successful models, their features and their effectiveness in terms of empirical resultsFor the sake of development of this three-pillar structure, the information will be obtained through various sources such as existing literature researches, articles, blogs, expert opinions and the consulting project ran by me and my classmates during our practice project18.2.1. Sources for identifying online-chargeable content and consumers personality driversThe biggest contribution for the author in understanding of this replication were insights from consulting project workshop conducted by the ESMT behave Project of which the author was a squad member19 in the late 2009. During this project, besides analyzing already available literature regarding topic, the team interviewed different kind of experts and also ran a representative survey among 300 German online readers to understand the areas where customers showed some willingness to pay. According to the results, there are not m any areas which can be monetized, but onlyDeeper analysis of precise articles as an addition to the more common oneOld file away plus specific interest areas of some readers local newsOnline sports eventsThe point is almost completely shared by Mathias Dphner, the CEO of German media company Axel Springer, who held a give-and-take around the topic at Monaco Media Forum 2009 There are not many areas where people are willing to pay money 1) This is finance, which is related to power 2) Plus sports or games 3) regional environments, people around you 4) And then we are coming to two existential areas sex and crime, or love and death. These are areas where people are generally kindle in and why should that change in digital business? asks Dphner rhetoric question.The CEO of Axel Springer also commented the fact that currently most news online is free and called this fact a structural mistake which has to be corrected step by step. According to Dphner there is not need of revolutio n, once most appropriate rules and procedures in legislation already exist. They just need some moderation and then execution. Continuing on the expel Dphner summed up with the hope that in the long run, for hundreds of years, people are willing to pay for things they are interested in. Commodity news will be for free, but fussy information, added value services, exclusive information should be charged.Currently, there are already obvious movements in the industry towards bushel the structural mistakes Mr Dphner talked about. This will be discussed more detailed in chapter 3.2, named challenges.2.2. Personality drivers of consumers to purchase onlineUnderstanding and analyzing consumer drivers while conducting online purchase, is critical for building pro tapnt, profitable business model. However until today there is no perfect study in the area which could claim on being perfect in identifying and analyzing of all motivators which make consumers to pay money online, and whats mo re important, all researchers would agree on that claim of this study.One of the best researches in this guinea pig conducted by Wang et al claims that the main factors which take consumers willingness to pay money online and are positively correlated with the one, are consumers perceive convenience, essentiality, added-value and service quality. However another research on the same topic e.g. from Choi, lee(prenominal) and Soriano focuses on following factors perceived consequences afterwards purchase of return, easiness of use of internet, social factors such as environment around person, satisfaction of the reader after purchase and existing alternative sources to get the same particular information. As we see on this example two separate academics have completely different approach and beliefs towards one topic.These two researches are illume evidence how diverse is different researchers approaches to the issue. To all of these factors I looked also form the prospective of researches which are dedicated to analyzing a bit broader field consumers purchasing drivers in whole online market rather than only in online media. In these researches, some of above mentioned factors are considered to be important but others are doubted.Its hard for someone to persist himself not to criticize some of the factors mentioned above, e.g. the word perceived is already very dubious and at the same time very subjective, however very important one. As Barkhi, Belanger and Hocks claim in their model of the determinants of purchasing from virtual stores, the notion perceived/ wisdom has already enormous importance itself, as it defines consumers later attitude towards whole online purchase procedure.To continue analysis, factor such as social community is neglect in Bosnjiaks research, where he referring to Senecals 2005 research claims that recommendations made from close community make decision do process more complex but it does not view final choice of consumer .Regarding service-quality we can say that, the word quality itself already craps some confusion because its pretty subjective notion. For different people quality might mean different things. For some people service-quality might mean the urgent delivery of hottest news and the exclusivity of this information, whereas for another person the quality of service might be associated with ampleer analysis of the article or the easiness of ways to pay money online.Such an arguing can continue further, but what is more important, arguable are not only factors on which researchers build their different models, but also some general statements which are made by them. For example, the work of Wang et al claim the business model is sustainable if revenue-generating method is accepted by majority of the potential customers. However despite all the respect towards the authors and research itself, such a claim can soft make up a reason of discussions, because still, the success of any model d epends on the rarefied proportion of ad revenues and online subscription revenues and for different newspapers the ideal diversity rate of readers to paid customers might be different. Even this research itself contradicts to its statement when brings an example of Wall highroad Journal Online and Hoovers Online telling that they managed to make e-content access profitable by only 10% of changeover rate. While conducting our consulting project, we also got results that some high circulated newspapers would make their portals profitable even by 3% conversion ratio. Further more, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, has only 0,8% conversion rate of subscribers on its niche site for hardcore Green Bay Packers fans, making revenues of 600,000 USD annually. In other words, depending on the content offered by particular newspaper, and the number and type of readers they have, the effective proportion of online content and ad revenues should be found. More analysis should be conducted to under stand the price of lost customers amount versus converted ones and the ideal balance of subscription revenues versus lost ad revenues. To this issue has dedicated his discussion Jeff Jarvis, on the blog-web BuzzMachine.Jeff Jarvis is an American Journalist, former television critic, editor, publisher and columnist. Among the companies he has been working are New York Daily News, San Francisco Examiner, New York Times Company, MediaGuardian a supplement of British newspaper The Guardian. Besides he is an associate professor at the City University of New Yorks potassium alum School of Journalism directing its new media program. He is also creator of weblog BuzzMachine20.Jeff Jarvis in his article about paid content published on Weblog BuzzMachine is more persuasive about the complexity of the issue21 and based on his vast find highlights for the readers how many different factors should be taken in consideration for identifying one or another model for particular newspaper. For tho se who will catch in Jeff Jarvis approach some sense and consciousness will become clear that based only on the analysis of psychological traits of people and their purchasing drivers, it will not be easy to find an ideal model, and that the issue needs rather unimaginative approach. Findings of Jeff Jarvis will be discussed more detailed in the 5.1 chapter named Expert opinions and Conclusions.Before moving to the following chapter, we should conclude the started topic and mention that there is still requisite some research in the area of personal motivators for online purchase, in order we could claim by 100% confidence that we are using the best model for identifying the online paid model.2.3. Discussed models and criteria for their comparisonOnce we are analyzing the existing models, the criteria for assessment of one or another method is the time of their universe and their results shown throughout their lifetime. Besides looking at the thematic differences in the features o f the models both in Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C) models, we will look at their financial results, their generated income through online sales and he dynamics in online subscription amount.The biggest attention the author paid was to the models of Financial Times and Wall Street Journal as the most successful financial players in B2C business. In addition, the author took a look at Bloomberg and Reuters as successful players of B2B model. New York Times was an interesting case for the author because it is a case, when after first unsuccessful trial, they are going away to try monetizing online content already second time. Taking in consideration their prior experience it should be important to train which model they will choose for the second attempt.Finally, the author took a quick look at some other examples of successful and unsuccessful attempts of monetizing online content so far.Information was gathered from reviews of their websites as well as fr om articles about these news-providers, and various expert opinions about their models.3. Possible models which can help to monetize online content expert advancement has made most news content widely available for free online, which pushed most newspapers to give up subscription fees in the hope of getting more readers and hence by increasing traffic, get more advertisement revenues. However such movements contribute even more to the availability of free content in the web and hence induce decrease in print media circulation and advertisement revenues22.Charging for online news is very hard. The biggest risk that media companies face is loosing the visitors, because bring down traffic will induce less interest of advertisement providers on the particular site. Ads are still major source of revenues for most media companies and it will quell so in the near future. As Rupert Murdoch commented previously on the example of Wall Street Journal, charging online content is not bad but still its not a gold mine23. However, recently after presenting the idea at WSJ to blab premium paid model, Murdoch Justified their decision with telling that, in their case, ad revenues are no any more critical part in revenues and they pay more attention to subscription based revenues24.The high risk of loosing switching is considerably explainable for SearchDNA founder posterior Straw, who admits that he himself would never pay for online content if he could get it somewhere else25.3.1. Findings from consulting projectWhile working on our consulting project26, our group consisting from four MBA participants, I and my three classmates, identified four different types of models which could imposed during presenting the pay wall. The consulting project itself and its results is based on the basis of numerous articles and literature about previous experience, industry expert interviews and representative survey conducted among 299 German media readers. In column 1, table 1 expla ins four different pay-wall models which are possible to impose on online content in different situation, and column 2 explains the situations in which these different models would have chance to work keeping other conditions constant. dining table 1 Types of models applicable in monetized online media27Types of Possible ModelsSituation explaining the feasibility of model fasten down the whole contentReally unique content fix down selected articlesUnique content should be part of broader contentLimiting the number of customersVery high overall quality, pretension of content offeringLocking down the niche articles wishing to monetize only highly specific hidden articlesSource consulting PP final draftIts upon news providers which type of model they will choose to match with the content they want to lock down. As we already discussed, there are few things which would motivate people to pay money online for, in other words online readers show at least some willingness to pay in follow ing areas* Deeper analysis of specific articles as an addition to the more general one* Old archives plus specific interest areas of some readers* Local news* Online sports events here(predicate) we can provide some examples of successfully using some of these methods of pay-wall. The method of lockup down selected articles is used by Wall Street Journal. In this case most daily news including political are considered as good information and they are given out for free, however if some specific interest area, e.g. finance, have deeper expert analysis, which you cant meet in other newspapers, the articles are locked down in this case. The method of limiting the number f articles is successfully used by Financial Times. New York Times obdurate to go on the same way from 2011. A good example of locking down niche content is Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and its Packer Insider The journal locks down specific information, deep content about football club Green Bay Packers, for its fans. In deep content in this case is counted e.g. chat sessions with players. As the same Practice project showed, locking down whole content, keeping other conditions equal, is possible if the whole content is really unique.Here we have also to mention that during consulting project about online content monetization, we had some more interesting insights about the factors which increase readers willingness to pay To our surprise content is not always the thing which might make readers to pay online 35% of surveyed 299 German readers named following three factors as the possible motivators in increasing willingness to payPromotions/ Give-awaysCustomization specialised additional contentAs a conclusion of this chapter we should say many experts predict for the future that, free content will be used in general as a marketing ploy a complementary trial period is strictly used for purposes of enticing customers to subscribe to a service or buy a product online. (Wang et al). Alternatively some sites attract customers by offering a limited amount of free content. They then hope to exchange their customers to shift to a florilegium of premium, fee-based content (Outing 2002). (Wang et al)3.2. ChallengesInnovative online ways of distributing news like news aggregate sites, blogs, social networks (Facebook, Tweeter, etc.) which are free to access, become more and more of a threat for media companies, because news is a costly product to produce, as well as it its distribution in traditional way. save distribution of news in online has zero marginal cost, as it takes nothing to the person to copy and paste a particular article or affair it to the other page (Exhibit 6).traditional media companies demand from these innovative producers of news fair ways of playing, which means either they should produce their own information or they should pay to original producers some fees for utilizing their articles. In his interview, Mathias Dphner mentioned that they are not deman ding banning of these alternative sources. We understand that future is mixed model, mutual existence of both of us declared Dphner. We also do not request something new and innovative. We just need fairness, respecting each other, respecting copyright rules, paying royalties as it is vatic to be done and for of all this playing rules are already there, we just need to make them better and then follow to.Rupert Murdoch went even further and called search engine Google stealers, as they take others information without permission and put it on their pages. Regarding this phenomenon, Axel Springer CEO Dphner told very appropriate example to the Huffington Post co-founder. If you want to give others your beer for free, please brew your own beer and then you are welcomed to do so, but please stop taking my costly beer and then giving it to others for free.Recently there is a clear evidence of starting changes in this regard Google agreed with several news-provider companies to restrict their articles readerships through Google to maximum amount of five. Another web-site YouTube started removing from their site unlicensed videos. In other words, Mathias Dphners prediction that the current reality would start changing step by step has obviously started to become true. Thus in adjacent future we should anticipate emergence of new pay-models, when media companies will have to think, how to share the cake with news aggregate web-sites, social networks and bloggers. We are witnessing enormous changes not only because of monetization, but because of establishment new type of relationships between industry participants, which ideally should bring in new opportunities. (Exhibit 9)4. Existing paying models, analysisStudies claim28 that in order managers found ideal subscription business model for online monetization they need to understand their subscribers personality drivers, their perceptions and attitudes, what makes them purchase news online? In fact there is not brea dth of information about consumers personality drivers, indeed the researchers actively continue investigating this area and thus provide us with new and new models. Non-existence of ideal model in this area is one of the reasons why we cant predict ideal online pay model. The other reasons are closer to business.Referring to Jeff Jarvis descent in his article about paid content models, there are plenty of criteria which determine the success of one or another model. Once these criteria are individual and very specific for each newspaper, no one can/should claim yet, on identifying one general ideal model which will fit to all news-providers.As handler of Association of online publishers, Lee Baker commented in News Media, half of their members already charge for online content and another 19% is going to do so in the nearest 12 months. Paid content modelling is important to our members, continues Mr. Baker. Our members are trying to penetrate new areas such as mobile apps. More t han half of them express desire to create paid-for apps.Despite we cant claim on building the ideal model as a proxy for the future, we can cover the most successful news providers and their models which are currently successfully used, both in B2C and B2B business.4.1. Financial Times VS The Wall Street JournalCurrently the most distributed B2C pay models in online media are two one is Financial Times way restricting the definite amount of free articles for subscribers and then charge the readers if they conk this amount, and another is Wall Street Journals way offering readers only one or two paragraph for reading and making available the rest only for subscribers29.To compare these two models in more details lets take a more detailed look at the ways which they are used by their most successful implementers. Of course there is some room for deviations and different news providers can apply to some forgivable changes, e.g. in the amount of text which should be given out for fr ee, but the concept remains the same.Table 2 below shows clear distinctions between the features of these two models in the case of FT and WSJ. The essence of difference of these two models is the amount of information provided for free and the ways how it is doneThe Wall Street Journal makes clear distinction between commodity and high-value content. The so caTracking Developments in Media IndustryTracking Developments in Media IndustryAbstractThese days the media business is witnessing the next structural transformation in its business model. Due to the reduction of revenues1 from printed media and advertisements, industry giants are looking for other ways for penetrating additional revenues. The traditional strategy of cost reduction that was previously widely applied does not seem to be sustainable. On the contrary, most key players in the media world see the biggest opportunity in the invention of new models which will contribute to the boost of revenues. To a large extent med ia executives agree that monetization of online content is the decision they should go for more insistently2. One of the reasons why online monetization is a financially attractive way of growth is that, it has zero marginal cost, and as opposed to print media, revenue increase will not induce proportional increase in costs3. Another advantage which online news have compared to the traditional printed media is that they can provide news in real time regime which is extremely important in this particular industry as news is very costly and at the same time highly perishable product4.So far there have been some attempts of online monetization like the Kindle and micropayments but these strategies cant balance the all the losses that the industry bears because of the before mentioned reasons.Up to date, unfortunately for the industrys decision makers, choosing the right model for online monetization was not the only challenge they had to face. Challenges like search engines, which are generating their content and giving it out to customers for free, are not easy to overcome. In fact, bloggers and social networks like Facebook and Tweeter could be considered as posing similar risks for traditional media companies. However in chapter 4 we will see that the attempts of transforming these risk bearing factors into opportunity and getting some kind of revenues from them has started, which logically should lead us to some type of business to business model which will become beneficial for both parts.In this thesis, because of different reasons5 I will not claim to have found the ideal model for content monetization, but rather will present several alternative models for monetizing online media content, and whats more important, will discuss the most successful models employed thus far which are applied by leading players in the industry. I will compare their features to each other, analyze their advantages and disadvantages. I will also look empirical data of results o f each model to give the reader a better sense of each models financial success and the importance of online content in their business, to have better understanding what role content monetization might mean for these news providers. Besides I will help the reader to have knowledge about the obstacles which should be taken in consideration by stakeholders, if they want to find the best match pay model for their news web-site.1. IntroductionThroughout its history the media business, which is one of the most dynamic and fast-developing industries, has passed through many development cycles, each prone to tremendous changes in terms of strategy, structure and model it operated with. The reasons of these changes in different times were different processes taking place in parallel, e.g. advances of post-delivery system, facilitating transportation and logistics around the world, various technological innovations etc. However, without any doubt, the emergence of the Internet and the subseq uent development of digital media is the greatest change of at least last two decades. It has once again revolutionized the whole industry dramatically, more than any previous development.Currently we are witnessing a transformation process which might become a ground for the conceptual change of the whole media industry. Due to the reduction of revenues6 from print media7 (one of the reasons of this is decreased circulation of print newspapers, Exhibit 1) and online advertisements, industry giants have started to explore new ways to restructure their portfolios of income, and how to make their readers pay for the information they get online8. The latest financial crisis played a role in accelerating this process. The downturn of revenues pushed the media companies to sharpen cost cuttings first of all indicated by the massive layoffs of the staff. However as many industry experts like freelance photojournalist Mike Fox believes, massive layoffs itself is not a sustainable strategy for the future9. The same view is shared by management consulting firm Booz Company in their research about the media industry. They admit that cost cutting is an important tool for managers, but in order to stay capable of growing in the long run, companies cant focus only on the expenditures side of their income statement.10Media executives are still optimistic about the future. As the survey in the same research from Booz Company shows, most of the respondents (nearly 70%) believe that their companies are financially healthy. The which even higher to 80 percent when it comes to the opinion of integrated players (Exhibits 2), and surprisingly just one forth of the surveyed executives expected they would meet the end of recession with a deteriorated situation (Exhibit 3). Moreover, more than half of media executives (57%) believe that they still hold the wheels to control situation despite financial crisis and think that with structural trends developing in the industry they can outperform the negative results of economic downturn. Print executives are even more optimistic, this opinion is shared by 67 percent of them. Booz Co sees the future of media companies in their ability to identify the markets where they can compete successfully and the business models which will help them to do so.In the June of 2009, at the Cable Show11 in Washington D.C, American News Corps owner Rupert Murdoch gave a speech, which also covered the current challenges of media industry, where he specifically underlined the inevitable need of content monetization. He underlined that times when people where reading news online for free should be over, and thus gave a hint to the whole industry that the process of online content monetization is not only non-reversible process, but indeed it should accelerate whether somebody likes it or not. Murdoch mentioned that only online ads cannot cover media companies costs and named New York Times, as a vivid example of that. NYT has one of the most popular U.S newspaper websites, but still their online ad revenues are not sufficient for cost coverage12.The signal form the industry guru was correctly understood by other giant players of media world and many of them like Axel Springer and New York Times13 already second time, started thinking how to charge their readers for online news in the way not to harm online traffic and ad revenues. Finding the balance among these two will be the biggest challenge for the followers of the trend. In the process of monetizing online media choosing the right type of model which will fit to one or another news providers overall strategy and values is a big deal of question.Currently most news online is free, but there are some existing newspapers successfully charging their readers at least for the part of the information they provide to them.1 shows the increased consumer spending (black curve) and penetration (grey curve) in online content. The research conducted by Online Publishe rs Association shows the same trend, that the money spent by consumers on online content in United States increase from 1.31 billion USD in 2002 to 1.78 billion USD in 2004, which meant annual growth rate of 17%. However this growth occurred in the entertainment area such as adult material, music, gaming and sports14.Currently, among them most successful in terms of revenues generated from online media content, are American The Wall Street Journal and the British Financial Times. Both of these newspapers are providing financial news and are most direct competitors of each other. Finance is one of those few areas which experts consider possible to monetize.The Booz Co research mentioned before makes focus on prior experiments of publishers who tried to monetize content and boost sales with which such an innovative tools as Kindle (Exhibit 4) sales, multi-title subscriptions and micropayments are, but as the results show these methods cant regain all the revenues lost which the media industry faced in the last two years. It also shows that inevitable steps are needed from the whole industry to look for new business models and as the survey in the same research shows, media executives expect most increase of revenues from the innovations in the digital media, from the new innovative models. (Exhibit 5).Expectations towards online monetization is a great, at least from the side of news providers, however the way on which they will have to go does not seem smooth and easy. There are various challenges monetizing volunteers will have to deal with on the one hand there is a problem of search engines and bloggers stealing news from their web sites and offering them to readers on aggregate web-sites, and on the other hand there is a psychology of people and understanding their personal motivations, what would make them to pay money in online news. Furthermore, it will not be easy to make people pay for the information which they were used to get for free previously15. However despite all challenges and obstacles which is expected for industry players, Booz Co concludes that process of media digitization is on its way and nothing can stop it. Mathias Dphner comes up with same opinion I do not share this kind of pessimism that content business is dying. The opposite is right. Thats the tremendous opportunity through the digitization.16One more factor which theoretically should give more hope to media magnates is psychological as various studies about personality drivers during online purchase show, the experience of using internet and reading news online are positively correlated with purchase intention. Once the usage of internet and reading news online is a growing tendency in current reality, and the age of internet usage is also shifting fast, we can say that time works on media companies.In this research I will analyse existing online paying models which successfully operate and give the hope to industry players for the brighter future in tha t prospect.2. Review of search methodologyThe aim of this thesis is to find out the features of existing paid models in online news which are already operating successfully. I will also try to measure their effectiveness/importance by various criteria, both objective such as existing financial and quantitative data, and also more partly-objective, such as different expert opinions17.The research will be developed in three main partsReview of types of content which can be monetized, where people show some willingness to pay money (or are already paying)As related to the previous chapter, analysis of the personality drivers and its importance while consumers conduct online purchaseAnalysis of existing successful models, their features and their effectiveness in terms of empirical resultsFor the sake of development of this three-pillar structure, the information will be obtained through various sources such as existing literature researches, articles, blogs, expert opinions and the co nsulting project ran by me and my classmates during our practice project18.2.1. Sources for identifying online-chargeable content and consumers personality driversThe biggest contribution for the author in understanding of this issue were insights from consulting project workshop conducted by the ESMT Practice Project of which the author was a team member19 in the late 2009. During this project, besides analyzing already available literature regarding topic, the team interviewed different kind of experts and also ran a representative survey among 300 German online readers to understand the areas where customers showed some willingness to pay. According to the results, there are not many areas which can be monetized, but onlyDeeper analysis of specific articles as an addition to the more general oneOld archives plus specific interest areas of some readersLocal newsOnline sports eventsThe point is almost completely shared by Mathias Dphner, the CEO of German media company Axel Springe r, who held a discussion around the topic at Monaco Media Forum 2009 There are not many areas where people are willing to pay money 1) This is finance, which is related to power 2) Plus sports or games 3) Regional environments, people around you 4) And then we are coming to two existential areas sex and crime, or love and death. These are areas where people are generally interested in and why should that change in digital business? asks Dphner rhetoric question.The CEO of Axel Springer also commented the fact that currently most news online is free and called this fact a structural mistake which has to be corrected step by step. According to Dphner there is not need of revolution, once most appropriate rules and procedures in legislation already exist. They just need some moderation and then execution. Continuing on the issue Dphner summed up with the hope that in the long run, for hundreds of years, people are willing to pay for things they are interested in. Commodity news will b e for free, but special information, added value services, exclusive information should be charged.Currently, there are already obvious movements in the industry towards fixing the structural mistakes Mr Dphner talked about. This will be discussed more detailed in chapter 3.2, named challenges.2.2. Personality drivers of consumers to purchase onlineUnderstanding and analyzing consumer drivers while conducting online purchase, is critical for building prominent, profitable business model. However until today there is no perfect study in the area which could claim on being perfect in identifying and analyzing of all motivators which make consumers to pay money online, and whats more important, all researchers would agree on that claim of this study.One of the best researches in this field conducted by Wang et al claims that the main factors which affect consumers willingness to pay money online and are positively correlated with the one, are consumers perceived convenience, essentiali ty, added-value and service quality. However another research on the same topic e.g. from Choi, Lee and Soriano focuses on following factors perceived consequences after purchase of product, easiness of use of internet, social factors such as environment around person, satisfaction of the reader after purchase and existing alternative sources to get the same particular information. As we see on this example two group academics have completely different approach and beliefs towards one topic.These two researches are clear evidence how diverse is different researchers approaches to the issue. To all of these factors I looked also form the prospective of researches which are dedicated to analyzing a bit broader field consumers purchasing drivers in whole online market rather than only in online media. In these researches, some of above mentioned factors are considered to be important but others are doubted.Its hard for someone to persist himself not to criticize some of the factors me ntioned above, e.g. the word perceived is already very dubious and at the same time very subjective, however very important one. As Barkhi, Belanger and Hocks claim in their model of the determinants of purchasing from virtual stores, the notion perceived/perception has already enormous importance itself, as it defines consumers later attitude towards whole online purchase procedure.To continue analysis, factor such as social community is neglected in Bosnjiaks research, where he referring to Senecals 2005 research claims that recommendations made from close community make decision making process more complex but it does not affect final choice of consumer.Regarding service-quality we can say that, the word quality itself already induces some confusion because its pretty subjective notion. For different people quality might mean different things. For some people service-quality might mean the urgent delivery of hottest news and the exclusivity of this information, whereas for anothe r person the quality of service might be associated with deeper analysis of the article or the easiness of ways to pay money online.Such an arguing can continue further, but what is more important, arguable are not only factors on which researchers build their different models, but also some general statements which are made by them. For example, the work of Wang et al claim the business model is sustainable if revenue-generating method is accepted by majority of the potential customers. However despite all the respect towards the authors and research itself, such a claim can easily become a reason of discussions, because still, the success of any model depends on the ideal proportion of ad revenues and online subscription revenues and for different newspapers the ideal conversion rate of readers to paid customers might be different. Even this research itself contradicts to its statement when brings an example of Wall Street Journal Online and Hoovers Online telling that they manage d to make e-content portal profitable by only 10% of conversion rate. While conducting our consulting project, we also got results that some high circulated newspapers would make their portals profitable even by 3% conversion ratio. Further more, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, has only 0,8% conversion rate of subscribers on its niche site for hardcore Green Bay Packers fans, making revenues of 600,000 USD annually. In other words, depending on the content offered by particular newspaper, and the number and type of readers they have, the effective proportion of online content and ad revenues should be found. More analysis should be conducted to understand the price of lost customers amount versus converted ones and the ideal balance of subscription revenues versus lost ad revenues. To this issue has dedicated his discussion Jeff Jarvis, on the blog-web BuzzMachine.Jeff Jarvis is an American Journalist, former television critic, editor, publisher and columnist. Among the companies he has been working are New York Daily News, San Francisco Examiner, New York Times Company, MediaGuardian a supplement of British newspaper The Guardian. Besides he is an associate professor at the City University of New Yorks Graduate School of Journalism directing its new media program. He is also creator of weblog BuzzMachine20.Jeff Jarvis in his article about paid content published on Weblog BuzzMachine is more persuasive about the complexity of the issue21 and based on his vast experience highlights for the readers how many different factors should be taken in consideration for identifying one or another model for particular newspaper. For those who will catch in Jeff Jarvis approach some sense and consciousness will become clear that based only on the analysis of psychological traits of people and their purchasing drivers, it will not be easy to find an ideal model, and that the issue needs rather practical approach. Findings of Jeff Jarvis will be discussed more detailed in the 5 .1 chapter named Expert opinions and Conclusions.Before moving to the following chapter, we should conclude the started topic and mention that there is still needed some research in the area of personal motivators for online purchase, in order we could claim by 100% confidence that we are using the best model for identifying the online paid model.2.3. Discussed models and criteria for their comparisonOnce we are analyzing the existing models, the criteria for assessment of one or another method is the time of their existence and their results shown throughout their lifetime. Besides looking at the thematic differences in the features of the models both in Business to Business (B2B) and Business to Consumer (B2C) models, we will look at their financial results, their generated income through online sales and he dynamics in online subscription amount.The biggest attention the author paid was to the models of Financial Times and Wall Street Journal as the most successful financial play ers in B2C business. In addition, the author took a look at Bloomberg and Reuters as successful players of B2B model. New York Times was an interesting case for the author because it is a case, when after first unsuccessful trial, they are going to try monetizing online content already second time. Taking in consideration their prior experience it should be important to track which model they will choose for the second attempt.Finally, the author took a quick look at some other examples of successful and unsuccessful attempts of monetizing online content so far.Information was gathered from reviews of their websites as well as from articles about these news-providers, and various expert opinions about their models.3. Possible models which can help to monetize online contentTechnological advancement has made most news content widely available for free online, which pushed most newspapers to give up subscription fees in the hope of getting more readers and hence by increasing traffic, get more advertisement revenues. However such movements contribute even more to the availability of free content in the web and hence induce decrease in print media circulation and advertisement revenues22.Charging for online news is very hard. The biggest risk that media companies face is loosing the visitors, because reduced traffic will induce less interest of advertisement providers on the particular site. Ads are still major source of revenues for most media companies and it will remain so in the nearest future. As Rupert Murdoch commented previously on the example of Wall Street Journal, charging online content is not bad but still its not a gold mine23. However, recently after presenting the idea at WSJ to impose premium paid model, Murdoch Justified their decision with telling that, in their case, ad revenues are no any more critical part in revenues and they pay more attention to subscription based revenues24.The high risk of loosing switching is easily explainable for Sea rchDNA founder John Straw, who admits that he himself would never pay for online content if he could get it somewhere else25.3.1. Findings from consulting projectWhile working on our consulting project26, our group consisting from four MBA participants, I and my three classmates, identified four different types of models which could imposed during presenting the pay wall. The consulting project itself and its results is based on the basis of numerous articles and literature about previous experience, industry expert interviews and representative survey conducted among 299 German media readers. In column 1, table 1 explains four different pay-wall models which are possible to impose on online content in different situation, and column 2 explains the situations in which these different models would have chance to work keeping other conditions constant.Table 1 Types of models applicable in monetized online media27Types of Possible ModelsSituation explaining the feasibility of modelLock ing down the whole contentReally unique contentLocking down selected articlesUnique content should be part of broader contentLimiting the number of customersVery high overall quality, breadth of content offeringLocking down the niche articlesWant to monetize only highly specific hidden articlesSource consulting PP final draftIts upon news providers which type of model they will choose to match with the content they want to lock down. As we already discussed, there are few things which would motivate people to pay money online for, in other words online readers show at least some willingness to pay in following areas* Deeper analysis of specific articles as an addition to the more general one* Old archives plus specific interest areas of some readers* Local news* Online sports eventsHere we can provide some examples of successfully using some of these methods of pay-wall. The method of locking down selected articles is used by Wall Street Journal. In this case most daily news includi ng political are considered as commodity information and they are given out for free, however if some specific interest area, e.g. finance, have deeper expert analysis, which you cant meet in other newspapers, the articles are locked down in this case. The method of limiting the number f articles is successfully used by Financial Times. New York Times decided to go on the same way from 2011. A good example of locking down niche content is Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and its Packer Insider The journal locks down specific information, deep content about football club Green Bay Packers, for its fans. In deep content in this case is counted e.g. chat sessions with players. As the same Practice project showed, locking down whole content, keeping other conditions equal, is possible if the whole content is really unique.Here we have also to mention that during consulting project about online content monetization, we had some more interesting insights about the factors which increase reader s willingness to pay To our surprise content is not always the thing which might make readers to pay online 35% of surveyed 299 German readers named following three factors as the possible motivators in increasing willingness to payPromotions/ Give-awaysCustomizationSpecific additional contentAs a conclusion of this chapter we should say many experts predict for the future that, free content will be used primarily as a marketing ploy a complementary trial period is strictly used for purposes of enticing customers to subscribe to a service or buy a product online. (Wang et al). Alternatively some sites attract customers by offering a limited amount of free content. They then hope to convince their customers to shift to a variety of premium, fee-based content (Outing 2002). (Wang et al)3.2. ChallengesInnovative online ways of distributing news like news aggregate sites, blogs, social networks (Facebook, Tweeter, etc.) which are free to access, become more and more of a threat for medi a companies, because news is a costly product to produce, as well as it its distribution in traditional way. But distribution of news in online has zero marginal cost, as it takes nothing to the person to copy and paste a particular article or link it to the other page (Exhibit 6).Traditional media companies demand from these innovative producers of news fair ways of playing, which means either they should produce their own information or they should pay to original producers some fees for utilizing their articles. In his interview, Mathias Dphner mentioned that they are not demanding banning of these alternative sources. We understand that future is mixed model, mutual existence of both of us declared Dphner. We also do not request something new and innovative. We just need fairness, respecting each other, respecting copyright rules, paying royalties as it is supposed to be done and for of all this playing rules are already there, we just need to make them better and then follow to .Rupert Murdoch went even further and called search engine Google stealers, as they take others information without permission and put it on their pages. Regarding this phenomenon, Axel Springer CEO Dphner told very appropriate example to the Huffington Post co-founder. If you want to give others your beer for free, please brew your own beer and then you are welcomed to do so, but please stop taking my costly beer and then giving it to others for free.Recently there is a clear evidence of starting changes in this regard Google agreed with several news-provider companies to restrict their articles readerships through Google to maximum amount of five. Another web-site YouTube started removing from their site unlicensed videos. In other words, Mathias Dphners prediction that the current reality would start changing step by step has obviously started to become true. Thus in nearest future we should anticipate emergence of new pay-models, when media companies will have to think, how to s hare the cake with news aggregate web-sites, social networks and bloggers. We are witnessing enormous changes not only because of monetization, but because of establishment new type of relationships between industry participants, which ideally should bring in new opportunities. (Exhibit 9)4. Existing paying models, analysisStudies claim28 that in order managers found ideal subscription business model for online monetization they need to understand their subscribers personality drivers, their perceptions and attitudes, what makes them purchase news online? In fact there is not breadth of information about consumers personality drivers, indeed the researchers actively continue investigating this area and thus provide us with new and new models. Non-existence of ideal model in this area is one of the reasons why we cant predict ideal online pay model. The other reasons are closer to business.Referring to Jeff Jarvis argumentation in his article about paid content models, there are plen ty of criteria which determine the success of one or another model. Once these criteria are individual and very specific for each newspaper, no one can/should claim yet, on identifying one general ideal model which will fit to all news-providers.As director of Association of online publishers, Lee Baker commented in News Media, half of their members already charge for online content and another 19% is going to do so in the nearest 12 months. Paid content modelling is important to our members, continues Mr. Baker. Our members are trying to penetrate new areas such as mobile apps. More than half of them express desire to create paid-for apps.Despite we cant claim on building the ideal model as a proxy for the future, we can cover the most successful news providers and their models which are currently successfully used, both in B2C and B2B business.4.1. Financial Times VS The Wall Street JournalCurrently the most distributed B2C pay models in online media are two one is Financial Times way restricting the definite amount of free articles for subscribers and then charge the readers if they exceed this amount, and another is Wall Street Journals way offering readers only one or two paragraph for reading and making available the rest only for subscribers29.To compare these two models in more details lets take a more detailed look at the ways which they are used by their most successful implementers. Of course there is some room for deviations and different news providers can apply to some minor changes, e.g. in the amount of text which should be given out for free, but the concept remains the same.Table 2 below shows clear distinctions between the features of these two models in the case of FT and WSJ. The essence of difference of these two models is the amount of information provided for free and the ways how it is doneThe Wall Street Journal makes clear distinction between commodity and high-value content. The so ca

Rate of Reaction Investigation :: Papers

Rate of Reaction Investigation 2HCL + NASO + 2NaCL Hydrochloric acid + Sodium thiosulphate randomness + Sodium chloride + S0 + H0 + Sulphur dioxide + Water Collision Theory For this experiment we can use the collision theory. Collision theory explains how chemical reactions go past and why rates of reaction differ. When particles collide, they may react. A reaction occurs when particle is facing in the correct direction and the collision has enough energy. If more collisions occur, wherefore the chance of a successful collision is higher. IMAGE Aim To investigate the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate using variables. Equipment Sodium Thiosulphates Hydrochloric Acid rubric marked with a cross - Then we will know when the reaction has taken place. Measuring cylinder - Measure how much of solution you use to each one time, so its a fair test. Beaker - Where the reaction will take place Bunsen burne r - How the temperature can increase. Tripod - To place the beaker onto. Stopwatch - Measuring how long the reaction takes place. Thermometer - To pulsation how hot the mixture is. Factors/ Variables Catalyst - A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in a reaction. The catalysis works by giving the reacting particles something to stick to where they can collide into each other this increases the number of collisions. Concentration - If the solution is made more concentrated it means there argon more particles of reactant between the important particles are more likely. Temperature - When the temperature is increased the particles all move quicker, if they are moving quicker, they are going to have more collisions. We used a thermometer to control this. Particle size/ surface surface area - As the particle size decreases the surface area increases. The rate of reaction will increase because the acid can attack from different places.