Television Violence :: essays research papers

Television ViolenceThe member Television Violence The Power and the Peril is an article written by George Gerbner in 1994 that covers information nearly tv violence over a period of twenty one years. Gerbners purpose in this article is to address the auditory sense about the problems that exist in television today. This article covers a very big controversy that has brewed up in our society. The controversy is that there is way in like manner much violence on television, and therefore it could be affecting the way that we rally and act on a regular basis. In this article Gerbner presents the consultation with poll results and statistics about what we actually see on television. I thought Gerbners article was a very affective objet dart about television violence. Although I thought this article seemed to a little repetitive and confusing at clocks, I ideate Gerbner does a good labor in presenting the reference with bunches of particulars about what we are actually watch ing on our television. The most appealing thing about this article in my opinion is the fact that the study in this article was a study that took over twenty years. In twenty one years of research, someone can get a real speck of what is actually seeing. Gerbner is real effective in getting his point across about the abundance of violence on television.Cherry 2First, I think Gerbner is most affective in this article with the facts and evidence from the Cultural Indicators project (CI), which began in 1967. This shows that by 1994 its computer archive contained observations on 2,816 programs and 34,882 characters coded harmonize to many thematic, demographic and action categories (Gerbner 15). From this study they were able to break down characters in shows from their behavior, their ethnic background, or even their social status. This study shows that average attestator of prime time television drama sees in a typical week an average of 21 criminals arrayed against an army of 41 public and surreptitious law enforcers. on that point are 14 doctors, 6 nurses, 6 lawyers, and 2 judges to handle them (Gerbner 16). To go with these characters, there is an average of 150 acts of violence and about 15 murders (Gerbner 16) that happen every week.Gerbners article is also affective because he does not fail to leave anything out. Every counter argument that could be derived from this article, I think is covered by Gerbner.Television Violence essays research papers Television ViolenceThe article Television Violence The Power and the Peril is an article written by George Gerbner in 1994 that covers information about television violence over a period of twenty one years. Gerbners purpose in this article is to address the audience about the problems that exist in television today. This article covers a very big controversy that has brewed up in our society. The controversy is that there is way too much violence on television, and therefore it could be affecting the wa y that we think and act on a regular basis. In this article Gerbner presents the audience with poll results and statistics about what we actually see on television. I thought Gerbners article was a very affective piece about television violence. Although I thought this article seemed to a little repetitive and confusing at times, I think Gerbner does a good job in presenting the audience with bunches of facts about what we are actually watching on our television. The most appealing thing about this article in my opinion is the fact that the study in this article was a study that took over twenty years. In twenty one years of research, someone can get a real feeling of what is actually happening. Gerbner is real effective in getting his point across about the abundance of violence on television.Cherry 2First, I think Gerbner is most affective in this article with the facts and evidence from the Cultural Indicators project (CI), which began in 1967. This shows that by 1994 its compute r archive contained observations on 2,816 programs and 34,882 characters coded according to many thematic, demographic and action categories (Gerbner 15). From this study they were able to break down characters in shows from their behavior, their ethnic background, or even their social status. This study shows that average viewer of prime time television drama sees in a typical week an average of 21 criminals arrayed against an army of 41 public and private law enforcers. There are 14 doctors, 6 nurses, 6 lawyers, and 2 judges to handle them (Gerbner 16). To go with these characters, there is an average of 150 acts of violence and about 15 murders (Gerbner 16) that happen every week.Gerbners article is also affective because he does not fail to leave anything out. Every counter argument that could be derived from this article, I think is covered by Gerbner.

Muscular Dystrophy :: essays research papers

Discovered in 1861 by Guillaume B.A. Duchenne, muscular muscular dystrophy is a very unfortunate disease to inherit. powerful dystrophy is a group of heredity disorders characterized by progressive pass weakness and wasting. The trait for muscular dystrophy may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant. In this vitrine, if any(prenominal) original carrier of the disease had children, the children would have a fifty-fifty chance of get the disease. It is similarly carried as an autosomal recessive trait, in which case the offspring of the original carrier would have a very small chance of get the trait. fibrous dystrophy is also a sex-linked trait. If someone carrying the trait for the disease conceived a male, the newborn boy would have a very exalted risk of later on developing the disease. Incidence of muscle dystrophy is estimated to be one in 3-4,000 male births. There are also astir(predicate) 15,000 muscular dystrophy patients in the United States at any(prenominal) given time. Those who have muscular dystrophy are missing the protein called ?dystrophin.? Before scientists ever discovered the missing protein, the tested carriers for the disease had a high social movement of elevated serum levels of creatine and phosphokinase. The disease can now be found for a prenatal diagnosis. Individuals who inherit this disease will have a rapid progression of symptoms. Walking becomes difficult, and skeletal contractures and muscle atrophy follows. They also usually contain wheelchairs by adolescence. Half of the receivers of the disease unfortunately develop some form of mental retardation and most never make it past there immature years. Currently, options for a treatment of muscular dystrophy are limited. corporal therapy may slow down the progression of deformities. Such devices as wheel chairs, crutches, or substitute orthopedic limbs may permit mobility. There are also a few medications that can help relieve pain and stiffness in the muscles. The Muscular Dystrophy Association, the Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy seek and the Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh helped fund a research project for the disease. The research, carried out by Johnny Huard, Ph.Muscular Dystrophy essays research papersDiscovered in 1861 by Guillaume B.A. Duchenne, muscular dystrophy is a very unfortunate disease to inherit. Muscular dystrophy is a group of heredity disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting. The trait for muscular dystrophy may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant. In this case, if some original carrier of the disease had children, the children would have a fifty-fifty chance of inheriting the disease. It is also carried as an autosomal recessive trait, in which case the offspring of the original carrier would have a very small chance of inheriting the trait. Muscular dystrophy is also a sex-linked trait. If someone carrying the trait for the disease conceived a male, the newborn boy would have a ve ry high risk of later on developing the disease. Incidence of muscle dystrophy is estimated to be one in 3-4,000 male births. There are also about 15,000 muscular dystrophy patients in the United States at any given time. Those who have muscular dystrophy are missing the protein called ?dystrophin.? Before scientists ever discovered the missing protein, the tested carriers for the disease had a high presence of elevated serum levels of creatine and phosphokinase. The disease can now be found for a prenatal diagnosis. Individuals who inherit this disease will have a rapid progression of symptoms. Walking becomes difficult, and skeletal contractures and muscle atrophy follows. They also usually need wheelchairs by adolescence. Half of the receivers of the disease unfortunately develop some form of mental retardation and most never make it past there teenage years. Currently, options for a treatment of muscular dystrophy are limited. Physical therapy may slow down the progression of de formities. Such devices as wheel chairs, crutches, or secondary orthopedic limbs may permit mobility. There are also a few medications that can help relieve pain and stiffness in the muscles. The Muscular Dystrophy Association, the Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy Research and the Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh helped fund a research project for the disease. The research, carried out by Johnny Huard, Ph.

Process Essay: Basic Skills of Snowboarding :: essays research papers

Interestingly enough, snowboarding was invented by Sherman Poppen in North Muskegon, Michigan, clog in 1965. Nowadays, snowboarding is considered one of the most fashionable winter sports among teenagers. On the other hand, there argon many people that dont have the slightest idea how to ride a snowboard straight put through a hill. There be four steps to learn the basic skills of snowboarding.First, you will need a snowboard. Make sure that you also buy the boots and bindings, if they do not come in the same package with the board. You will need to dress in a comfortable, loose-fitting outfit to allow flexibility. Never brush off your safety. Gloves, goggles, helmet, and wrist guards are a must, especially for beginners.Assuming that you are at a resort, now you will have to get into the bindings. With the boots on your feet, select a flat area with the snowboard in front of you, and place your front metrical foot in the front binding. Strap both the toe and ankle strap until they are secure. Repeat with your back foot. Bounce around a little bit to see what it feels like to be strapped into a snowboard. Now, take out just your back foot and leave your front foot in its binding. Next, take a few steps up a slight incline with your front foot in the snowboard binding and your back foot out. Make sure that the snowboard is perpendicular to the incline. Take one step with your foot that is not attached to the snowboard, then boot your foot with the snowboard attached to it and take a step with the entire snowboard. Keep taking baby steps until you are up an incline. The process can get down tiring after a while, but for beginners the ski-lift is not quite recommended at this point. You should be tone for beginner slopes with a very small incline.Now that you are at the top of a slope that is comfortable for you, sit down and strap both feet into the snowboard. Now, with your snowboard perpendicular to the slope, stand up so you are looking down. Your wei ght will be mostly on your heels. Now point your toes on both feet just a little bit and you will first base to slide down the hill. Always watch where you are going, and make sure that your hands are slightly away from your body.

Slavery in Aristotles Works Essay example -- Aristotle Philosophy Sla

Before a serious investigation of any aspect of Aristotles political theories is undertaken, we must take a moment to acknowledge that more of the institutions and doctrines he defends have been repudiated in modern political thought. In incident many much(prenominal) institutions are appalling and simply morally wrong. One such institution is slavery. Aristotle argues in the Politics that slavery is just. No argument is needed to conclude that Aristotle made a terrible ethical and moral error in defending slavery. Further we must accept that the argument of the abolition of slavery was available to him as his defense of slavery is in response to critics who claim slavery is unjust. What sparks intriguing debate is questioning why Aristotle defended slavery, and whether there is a flaw in Aristotles logic in his defense of slavery, or if it is in fact internally consistent with the rest of his writings on justice and virtue. Some scholars have claimed that A ristotles defense of slavery is a battered shipwreck of an argument. Yet, others assign that the argument is in fact internally consistent. Any argument in favor of Aristotles defense of slavery is not in any counseling meant to morally support the institution of slavery only that Aristotle used proper or unflawed logic in that argument. Likewise any argument against Aristotles defense is not a moral judgment toward slavery by this author. I am only concerned in how Aristotle builds his argument, and where flaws or contradictions may be located. Consideration of the context of slavery within Greek life of Aristotles time is also of importance. Any investigation or commentary on Aristotles slavery argument must first begin with the context of slave... ...s two separate, distinct entities. As intimated above, he more likely viewed them as a duality, that is, that they are part of one another. They were also, in the larger sense, part of the life of the household, a s the household was part of the polis. However, this duality was strictly one way. It seems clear that he perceived the slave to be part of the master, not the other way around. But again, this was justified by Aristotles ultimate virtue, reason. To the extent that the master is seen as imbued with ranking(a) intelligence and understanding, it was his duty if not right to provide guidance to those less fortunate by birth. It is perhaps ironic that the justification of the benevolent dictatorship, so usual during imperialistic adventures by colonial countries, perhaps found its philosophical roots in the so-called democratic city-states of ancient Greece.

Hip Hip Essay -- essays research papers fc

The IntroductionHip hop as a ding an sich is marked by almost confusion. Consider the name is it "hip hop," "hip-hop" or "hiphop"? You will see all three used in titles in this bibliography. Hip hop is, at the same time, a cultural phenomenon that developed in the late 70s in the projects in Brooklyn and the Bronx, and a musical style from that phenomenon. Nevertheless, hip hop has become a pervasive element of popular culture, as witnessed by this bibliography. There are hip hop exercise videos, childrens books as well as books, magazines, magazine articles and theses about it.Before we get to the bibliography, a brief hip hop history is in order. Hip hop began in the mid- to late 70s, but its roots are much older (indeed, hip hops use of music from other genres is reflected in Renaissance parody masses). According to one source, the roots of this phenomenon are in Jamaica in the 40s. By the 60s, it was common to find "sounds", or a truck fitted w ith sound equipment parked at a street corner, playing the Statesn rhythm & deoxyadenosine monophosphate blues records for the people in the neighborhood. Some of these DJs included Coxson Dodd, Prince Buster, and Duke Reid. By the 1970s this phenomenon was to be found in the US, particularly in the Farragut Projects in Brooklyn, NY. Some of these early DJs were Maboya, Plummer and Kool DJ D, who played mostly disco music. Another of these early figures, Kool Herc, emigrated to the States from Jamaica and settled in the Bronx with his sound system he called "the Herculords." In contrast to some of the other figures, Kool Herc rivet on rhythm & blues and funk records. Another of Kool Hercs innovations was to play only the " tick off," or the musical material between the verses of a song, repeating that break again and again. He did this using two turntables mounted with the same record. This came to be called "break-beat deejaying." People began to perform "strange, acrobatic twisting dance routines" to these episodes that came to be called "break dances."2Kool Herc eventually hired someone to "MC" these parties. This person would talk to the crowd between the songs to keep the party going. This was the beginning of "rapping." DJ Hollywood, one of the early MCs at Kool Hercs parties would use rhyming verses in his rap... ..., ed. Drumvoices. University of Illinois, Edwardsville, Illinois, 2004. Contains "The Hip Hop Nation as a Site of African American Cultural and Historical Memory" by James Spady.Roberts, John W. From hucklebuck to hip-hop social dance in the African-American community in Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Pa. Odunde, 1995.Sansevere, John R. Post-bop hip-hop a tribe called Quest. Racine, Wis. Western Pub. Co., 1993.Sexton, Adam., ed. water tap on rap straight-up talk on hip-hop culture. New York Delta, 1995.Shabazz, Julian L. D. The United States of America vs. hip-hop. Hampton, V A United Bros. Pub. Co., 1992.Shaw, Arnold. Black popular music in America from the spirituals, minstrels, and ragtime to soul, disco, and hip-hop. New York London Schirmer Books Collier Macmillan, 1986.Shomari, Hashim A. From the underground hip hop culture as an agent of social change. Fanwood, NJ X-Factor Publications, 1995.Smash, Nick. Hip hop 86-89. Woodford Green, Essex, England transnational Music Publications, 1990. Illustrated.Spady, James G., and Joseph D. Eure. Nation conscious rap. AfroAmericanization of knowledge series 3. New York PC International Press, 1991.

Perceptions of Dimmesdale and Chillingworth in the Scarlet Letter Essay

Chillingworth and Dimmesdale Reflections of True Puritan Society18th centurys perception of the Puritan Society was that Puritans were a zealous community of people that lived with relentless moral standards which allowed them to live in perfect harmony. However, the truth is Puritans were overly zealous whose values created paranoia and intolerance for other views. Through the characters Dimmesdale and Chillingworth who are also falsely perceived, Hawthorne conjure they are representative of the dour living of Puritan society that is hidden by the puritans tranquil and utopian outlook.John Winthrop aimed to created Christian utopian society when he founded the puritan community, he failed in this goal. Even with his failure, people still thought of the society as pure and just. What he engendered instead was a community whose theology denied human beings free will, filled with paranoia, racism, sexism and detestation of sexuality and youth. These themes are clearly represent ed in the Scarlet Letter. The hatred of youth is shown early on in the novel, when Hester Prynne first enters from the prison, This woman Hester Prynne has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die. Is there not law for it? Truly, there is, both in the record book and the statue-book.(199). The aged ugly woman who makes this statement is used by Hawthorne to serve as representative for the puritans, while Hester represents youth and sexuality. The undeserving punishment of death for the nuisance of adultery only further demonstrates the extremities of this so-called perfect society. While perhaps seen as Gods will that a person who commits adultery must(prenominal) die, it is instead the governments way of controlling the people by fear and terror so that t... ...ore it would be released free, which he then delivered the greatest oratory yet. The puritans economic status increased as less and less free will was granted, basically proving along with Dimmesdale, as corrup tion increases in religious figures or people they gradually better themselves, Dimmesdale in his sermons, while the Puritans in their economic status.Through the characters Dimmesdale and Chillingworth, Hawthorne reveals the true nature of Puritan society through parallels among the trinity. All threes hidden evil is masked by each of their perfect appearances. Chillingworth exhibited the Puritans benefit of the doubt they received because of their relation to religion, while Dimmesdale presented the detail that corruption fuels the association with religion and as corruption within someone or something increases, so does a person or peoples betterment.

Philosophy †Free Will vs. Determinism Essay

The dialogue between philosophers over the existence of large-minded entrust versus the inevitability of determinism is a debate that result always exist. The discussion centers well-nigh the genuine freedom of homos to think and act according to their hold judgment versus the concept that hu earthly concerns are intrinsically bound by the physical laws of the universe. onward I enter this chicken and the egg debate I need to quantify my terms Free will is defined by the great philosopher, St. doubting Thomas Aquinas as vis electiva or free survival. It is the ability of man to contemplate and judge the effects of the performs he is about to take.But man acts from judgment, because by his disquieted power he judges that something should be avoided or sought. But because this judgment, in the case of some particular act, is not from a natural instinct exactly from some act of comparison in the reason, on that pointfore he acts from free judgment and retains the power of be ing inc keyd to various things. (Aquinas. Suma Theologica) Determinism is a complex impulse but is best described by David Hume as the notion that something cannot engender from nothing and that all actions pose causes preceding them.I conceive that nothing taketh inauguration from itself, but from the action of some separate immediate agent without itself. And that accordingly, when first a man hath an appetite or will to something, to which immediately before he had no appetite nor will, the cause of his will, is not the will itself, but something else not in his own disposing. So that whereas it is out of controversy, that of voluntary actions the will is the necessary cause, and by this which is said, the will is also caused by other things whereof it disposeth not, it followeth, that voluntary actions excite all of them necessary causes, and thereof are necessitated. (Hume. Liberty and Nessessity. ) Philosophy and world religion alike(predicate) were born of the sel fsame(prenominal) origins. Each of the two ancient disciplines arose from the quest for the answers to lifes ominous questions. These human questions, archetypical to people of all geographic locations where did we come from why are we here where do we go when we die unite us as a race. It is no coincidence that each religion and worship from all four corners of the earth tackles these black holes of human logic.Each religion carves their own individual explanations of these unanswerable questions into their core belief systems, each one centrally different than others. However, they all share one common thought each shares a belief in an afterlife determined by the choices made in life. Free will is the common denominator in all world religions, because all share the essential concept of honourableity. The widespread acceptance of the concept of morality implies that there is a choice to be had at each and every juncture or life. The choice comes from recognition of good and evil .For good and evil to exist, then there has to be the ability to decipher between the two and also decide to accept one over the other. The existence of morality alone proves that free will exists, because without the freedom to choose right or wrong in any given situation there would be no qualitative measure of the nicety or wrongness of ones actions. David Hume comments on the origin of morality and its place in our everyday decision making processes, Only when you turn your reflexion into your own breast, and get hold a sentiment of disapprobation (Hume.Treatise of Human Nature).In other excogitates, there are no outside stimuli that can decipher good from evil the line can only be drawn by internal thought. Hume was a naturalist in that his vision of the world and therefore stance of philosophy was solid ground directly through the experiences of the senses. His stance on many issues directly originated from his ability to experience it with the five senses, and on the sub ject of morality he takes exception. Even he recognizes the existence of morality in everyday life, even though it cannot be ex homyed through the lens of the senses.It would seem that moralitys acceptance must therefore prove that free will exists, but there is one essential school of thought yet to weigh on this topic learning. Science was the modish bloomer of the three major disciplines of existential explanation and in the post modern era is becoming more and more popular. As the world becomes boost secularized and the reaches of scientific logic continue to exceed their grasp, many of the worlds intellectuals identify truth on a scientific scale. Science does not instigate the theory of morality, because it cant be proven to exist.The notion of free-will, something which world religion and philosophies alike recognize as a fundamental part of our human anatomy, is called into question in a few simple and logical ways. Science supports the theory of determinism as the only logical explanation of the unfolding of the actions of our lives. First off, science has recently developed the discipline known to us as physics, in which the laws of the universe have been defined. In the short time in which humans have been graced by the scientific understanding of the laws of the universe, human kind has yet to fully standard back and contemplate the magnitude of this discovery.In generations past, humans believed that we were made superfluous with free will, but now we know that like all things in the universe we are subject to the physical laws. This is a huge step forward in rational thinking because it allows us to understand that our previously God given concept of free will was really a moment of a lack of understanding of the deterministic laws of the universe. For instance a law as simple and commonly accepted as gravity challenges the idea of free will.Gravitational pull determines that no matter the size of an object, once separate from the surface of the earth will be dragged back down at the same force every time. This is a simple concept that we take for granted, but it works in the free will v. determinism argument. We are ruled by gravity, and therefore all of our lives activities answer to it. We cant choose to jump off a building and float in the air because well be pulled back to the ground to our imminent deaths. We cant choose to stay younger and keep our skin tight to our faces because gravitys long-term effect causes our skin to ease up down towards the ground.The choices I just listed may seem farfetched to some, however, if we examine the notion that we have free will in the empirical sense of the word we see that not all of our decisions are affirmled by us, and that we fall victim to the tyrannical rule of the physical laws of the universe. We arent truly free to create our own actions in life. Albert Einstein offers a particularly apt synopsis, Everything is determined, the beginning as well as the end, by f orces over which we have no control. It is determined for the louse as well as the star.Human beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust, we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an nonvisual piper. (Albert Einstein) The rule of physical law aside, which hinders us from truly being free to choose our own actions in life, is a much more simple scientific argument that dispels the notion of free will. For example Say a 20 year old man murders another man in cold blood. They have no affiliation, no prior knowledge of who each other is, or reason to dislike each other. human being A walks up to random public B and shoots and blot outs him. Was this action of Man A a result of free will?To examine the notion fully you need to look at his action coming from two sources. Either Man A was born with the moral flaw to allow himself to find killing another human acceptable, or that Man A was influenced during the course of his life by interactions and actions of others and c ame to that conclusion base on his own experience. There is no other explanation for Man A to willingly choose to open fire on Man B and kill him. If we look at the first option, Man As natural moral compass was skewed, allowing for him to conceive the notion that killing another is okay.This speaks to the determinant nature of our chemical makeup. Its possible his DNA made a mistake coding someplace and he developed overtime and understood that killing another is wrong or maybe that his entire sense of right from wrong was skewed inwardly his mind. This would lead Man A to lead a life normally on the outside, and yet without regard for consequence, open fire on another man and kill him as easily as he could have held a door for him. This is the idea that he naturally had the capacity to kill, and that he could not control it.Eventually one of his animalistic impulses would finally stick and hed be in the right place at the right time, and that it was only a matter of time until he killed someone. If you dont subscribe to that theory and believe that he chose to kill Man B that day, try and consider that the results will still be pre-determined. If Man A killed Man B due to his choice, then his own free will and judgment that he finds reprehensible to kill another man cant be attributed to truly free will of choice. Not every human kills others as part of their natural lifestyle, as they might kiss or mate with another.In fact a very small percentage of people in the world murder other humans, and this begs the question of why? What makes this small percentage of people choose to kill another person? The answer is that if they choose to do it, and they werent previously miswired so as said in the prior paragraph, then they must have been influenced by their surroundings. When Man A was six years old he didnt choose to murder Man B, the events of his life led him to make this decision about whether or not murder was okay. This is yet another reason that he w asnt truly free to choose outside influence hinders the ability to choose freely.Whether he was abused, molested, lost a loved one, or just plain fed up with the monotony of everyday life in society, something pushed him over the edge. Something allowed for him to justify his actions that something is outside influence. This deterministic train of thought explains why people do what they do, but not when. What makes us actually hit the point of no return, or when will the right opportunity hit the right mood ahead(p) the right action? (In our example the murder of Man B) The paradox between free will and determinism exists because of the influence of the different schools of thought.If one aligns his personal truth based on religious fervor, then an understanding of free will can exist logically and on the other hand if one bases his logic around science then determinism seems to be the only answer. So where does that leave philosophy, the great bridge between the two polarized sch ools of thought? It leaves philosophy somewhere in the middle, examining the severeness of both sides of the argument, and helping to shed light on the debate over whether or not we truly are free to make a choice or if we are merely floating along the currents of the universe.Personally, Im lost somewhere in the middle, hoping that the answer to this time-old question will be revealed. whole caboodle Cited * Aquinas, St. Thomas. Sancti Thomae Aquinatis Suma Theologica Parisiis Apud Sebastianum Et Gabrielem Cramoisy, 1640. Print. * Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature in Two Volumes. London Dent, 1934. Print. * Hume, David. Liberty and Necessity an Argument against Free-will and in Favor of Moral Causation. London Progressive Pub. 1890. Print.

Public administration evolution Essay

Public plaque refers to the rules and processes fol showtimeed by the governing body when using ordinary resources. Efficient management of resources, transparency, accountability and good policies ensure that the relationship between the government and the public is based on mutual respect. Significant re ground levels in the U. S have been achieved in the public administration by the government to achieve the above goals.Public administration should ensure that good ethics are achieved in the financial administration and other offices. Public administration has been said to move from theories competition of interest groups and the electoral, of games, of winners and losers and is taking its focus towards theories of cooperation, institutional building and maintenance, networking and governance. It is moving to need with daunting problems connected with state disarticulation. This has been termed as repositioned public administration.The government was earlier concerned with iss ues of maintaining a culture of winning on its part but it has taken a great shift into largely incorporating other needs-ranging from the issues of administration to formulation of rules and regulation. Formulation of various masks to cater for various needs has been successful though with chastening in the U. S public administration history. This is in an attempt to improve in terms of public care, business regulation and governance improvements. The Northern code of 1787 shaped orientation of America to topical anesthetic public administration.This legislation made it possible for direct local democracy and an overarching umbrella of local administrative responsibilities and obligations for innate services like justice, health care, schools, roads and law enforcement under direct local control. topical anesthetic administration took over all behaveivities except defense, during the nineteenth century. issue government didnt play key role in administration of the locals a nd the state government left agrestic administration and policy making to the local administrators.In the nineteenth century, the policy decisions flowed from local levels to top level, the rural communities communicated between or amongst them if there were close proximity and common problem, and policy making was not significantly by the village. Government added and expanded its supervisory and regulative role to rural areas during the first half of the twentieth century, as the rurals were being integrated into the discipline economy.The needs of the more developed and populous urbanized political centers have been closed to those of the rurals by the leadership amongst the federal official and state governments in collaboration with the rural governments over time. The latter part of the twentieth century saw increased government mission and scope particularly growth of the local and state government, and the intergovernmental mandates and demands on local units of government .Eventually, there was the formation of the policies for the federal and state governments and they imposed their demands and priorities in a standard manner with little consideration of these policies in an environment of low population density. A gap between the rural and urban administrating units resulted from the growth of control over the local administrative discretions by the federal and state government. Local governments were falling sort if interest to implement services primarily designed for the urbanized areas and were lacking the personnel and resources to implement them effectively.In the twentieth century, the local administration had little capacity to influence the administration by other governments and the urbanized centers which were the decision and policy controllers. Rural residents often withdrew from governance and rural areas were an issue for federal and state governments to cater for (Audirac, 1997). There was latter devolution of the authority. Provisi on of services, construction and maintenance The Interstate transaction chip was passed by the U. S Congress in 1887 to prevent discrimination in the charge rates in rail roads.They charged lesser for competitive long snap than for monopolistic short haul due to competition for traffic in nearly places. Merchants, communities, farmers and regions who were the pricing practices turned to politics for redress and protesting made several states regulate railroads. Reformers and railroads disliked the ideas in the some of the provisions of this act which also received opposition from California and Northeast. The act established the Interstate Commerce Commission.The Supreme Court denied the commission power to isthmus rates and prevent the abuse in charges for the short and long haul latter in 1897, but again the Congress amended the ICA through the Hepburn act of 1906 empowering the on the setting of maximum freight charges and extend its authority over oil pipelines and express companies. Further powers were given via various acts like the Transportation performance (1920), Transportation Act (1940) and The Motor Carrier Act (1935) after World War 1 and after the World War 2, due to arising competition difficulties from repulse and water carriers, further amendments by the Congress were made but failed.By 1970s and 1980s critics declared the Act a failure. Staggers Rail Act of 1980 made competition of railroads with tracks possible and The Motor Carrier Act of the same year deregulated trucking business. In December 1995 the Interstate Commerce Act became doomed letter due to carrying out of a proposal by the Office of Management and Budget with the cutting of budget in Washington (Paul, S. Boyer Interstate Commerce Act The Oxford Companion to United States History).Cash payments The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was amended by the U.S Congress and declared illegal every contract, combination (in form of trust or otherwise) or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade and imposed a fine. It gave power to federal government to make up proceeding against trusts. The Supreme Court ruling prevented federal authorities to use the act for some years. President Theodore politically championed against this and Taft employed it in 1911 against Standard crude oil Trust and the American Tobacco. Other acts were formed latter to supplement it or replace it (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition).Employment and Regulation The Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) gave chance to the system of permanent federal employment based on merit as opposed to the earlier which was based on political fellowship affiliation. A competitive examination by a civil service commission would be used to select government employees. Before then solely 10 % were covered by the law but latter on the scope was moved to include more than 90 % of federal employees (Britanicca Concise Encyclopedia). The government has since been involved in the improveme nt not only of workers employment terms but also their pay.

Effects of prejudice, racism and discrimination in society

Discrimination involves treatment of an individual or a group of people based on class or category. It can be personal, well-grounded or institutional favoritism. It involves denying an individual or a group of people an opportunity that is available to other individuals or groups. Discriminatory actions can be make in unlike ways but they all involve in one way or the other some form of rejection.There are different forms of discrimination which include but non limited to the following Age discrimination, gender discrimination, castle discrimination, employment discrimination, sex orientation and gender discrimination, language discrimination, drive off discrimination, disability and religious discrimination (Camponovo, 2003). According to Dunn & McDonald (2004), age discrimination involves unfair treatment of an individual or a group based on age. It unremarkably occurs in one of the three different forms Adultism (discrimination against adults), discrimination against people older than 40 and also discrimination against elderly people.It mostly happens in employment where by employees prefer younger people for employment ignoring older people with their experience although laws fetch been put in place to help reduce the practice. Gender discrimination involves negative believes and attitude based on gender. Employment discrimination involves locking out a group of people from applying and receiving jobs because of race, disability, religion, age and sexual orientation (Michinov, Dambrun, Guimond & Mot, 2005).Racism refers to discrimination of individuals based on social divisions that may not always be connected to race. Prejudice involves an opinion or judgment made in advance facts are verified. The judgment is mostly based on gender, race, ethnicity, social class, disability and also age. There are different forms of prejudice cognitive, affective and behavioral (Guerin, 2005). These types of discriminations have led to unequal distribution of job s and resources in general. Because of inequality, most groups have been denied justice.Examples include legal discrimination against Black South Africans and also different post-civil war laws that personify in the southern American states which disadvantaged blacks living there in regard to property ownership, employment and other factors such as movement, where Blacks are not allowed o pass through Whites residential areas. This has led to increased crimes and hatred among people. It has raised tensions between countries like the Muslim countries and America (Mcdonald, 2009). For peaceful co-existence, there is call for to ensure equal treatment amongst people regardless of their age, religion and other differences that may exist.

Alfred Kinsey

Kara Duenas January 27, 2013 2nd period A. P. Psychology Mrs. Gatewood Alfred Kinsey was born in New Jersey on June 23, 1894 to Alfred Kinsey and Sarah Charles. As a young boy he suffered umpteen illnesses such as rheumatic fever and typhoid. In high school, he began his interest in biology and botanical studies with the influence of his teacher. He fixed his career in biology as a zoologist and entomologist but later found interest in conjureology. His parents were very religious therefore not agreeing with his alternative of career.Due to this he considered his fathers wishes by studying engineering but decided that he was better off with biology. In 1919 Kinsey graduated from Harvard with a fix of Science degree and joined atomic number 49 University. He became a full professor in 1924 but was not satisfied with the offer he was habituated so he took a change in career paths and began to study sex and marriage. His reason for studying sex and marriage was that he was intrig ued by the neediness of details and inaccuracies of research he read. With his knowledge in biology, he decided to take a biological approach in studying sex and marriage.As his foremost case studies and research, he started by asking his students (freshman and sophomores) detailed questionnaires but that did work out because he found that some of the answers were too inappropriate. He decided to start one on one interviews. Kinsey received research support from the National Research Council and the Rockefeller Foundation, which allowed him to hire research assistants, expand the geographic scope of his work, and found the take of Sex Research at Indiana University in 1947. This sparked his career in sexology.He decided to drop his marriage course and solely focus on his sex research. In 1948 he published his first harbour on sex called Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, this book, based on everyplace 5000 sexual histories, provided a series of revelations about masturbation, ad ulterous sexual activity, and homosexuality. In 1953 he published Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, this book was based on almost 6000 sexual histories that contained many revelations about womens masturbatory practices, premarital sexuality, and orgasmic experiences.In particular, the book reported that extramarital and premarital sex were more habitual than generally believed that nearly all males, especially teenagers, masturbated and that masturbation did not cause mental illness and that one in three men reported having at least one homosexual encounter. Alfred Kinsey focused all his research on the following topics anal sex, bisexuality, coitus, erogenous zones, extramarital sex, fantasy, foreplay, homosexuality, masturbation, nudity, oral sex, orgasm, peak performance/ level best sexual activity, premarital sex and sadomasochism.There are little studies shown in the original Kinsey Studies regarding anal sex. He reported, among the male homosexual, occasional individuals brought to orgasm anally and for females, Kinsey said that good incidence data was not available. Kinsey found that bisexuality is more frequent in males then in females but believed that because a male and a male go after in sexual activity does not mean they are homosexual. Kinsey spent most of his sequence researching and studying sex that he did not have time for his wife. He began having sexual affairs with children and experimented to deepen his studies and knowledge about sexual behaviors. Kinseys work has been instrumental in advancing acceptance of pornography, homosexuality, abortion, and condom-based sex education, and his disciples even at once are promoting a view of children as sexual beings. Their ultimate goal to normalize pedophilia, or adult-child sex Kinseys health deteriorated under the strain of existence attack and uncertainty about the future of his institute. Everyone attacked him for his ways of conducting research and his methods. On August 25, 1956 Al fred Kinsey died of heart disease and pneumonia. 1 . Kinsey, 1948, W. B.Saunders of Philadelphia, and the book was published while the Indiana legislature was in corner in December 1948. The 804 page book. Alfred Kinsey Biography (1894-1956). Internet FAQ Archives Online Education faqs. org. http//www. faqs. org/health/bios/10/Alfred-Kinsey. html (accessed January 27, 2013). 2 . Alfred C. Kinsey A Pioneer Of Sex Research. National Center for Biotechnology Information. http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447862/ (accessed January 27, 2013). 3 . Alfred C. Kinsey A Pioneer Of Sex Research. National Center for Biotechnology Information. http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. ov/pmc/articles/PMC1447862/ (accessed January 27, 2013). 4 . Ibid 5 . The Kinsey add Kinsey Study Data Research Program. The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. http//www. kinseyinstitute. org/research/ak-data. html (accessed January 27, 2013). 6 . Kinsey, 1948, W. B. Saun ders of Philadelphia, and the book was published while the Indiana legislature was in recess in December 1948. The 804 page book. Alfred Kinsey Biography (1894-1956). Internet FAQ Archives Online Education faqs. org. http//www. faqs. org/health/bios/10/Alfred-Kinsey. html (accessed January 27, 2013).

Industrial Relations Practices Essay

This chapter seeks to review the thoughts of another(prenominal) experts on industrial trans attain practices in put in owned organisations. The purpose is to guide a reference in terms of what others believe and perceive in relation to industrial relation and its practices in earth owned organizations using Ghana as a fictitious character think everyplace.State-Business Relations and Economic Performance in Ghana by Charles Ackah, Ernest Aryeetey, Joseph Ayee & Ezekiel Clottey In their executive summary, Charles Ackah, Ernest Aryeetey, Joseph Ayee & Ezekiel Clottey, talked about the fact that alliance in the midst of the produce and cable friendship in Ghana had varied since independency. Though each establishment activity has had distinct relations with business and mystic sectors, civilian regimes use up gener altogethery promoted and enjoyed better ringing with the business community speckle military governing bodys especially in the 1980s check tended to birth confrontations with the private sector.Their study used a multi-disciplinary approach that include both soft and valued aspects of the disciplines of policy-making science, economics, history, sociology and organizational management. They were seeking to understand what constitutes impressive introduce-business relations, and to assess how state-business relations ar re latishd to economic death penalty, their study relied on historic institutionalist inductive theories- comparative historical analysis and path-dependence, among others.For their analysis, their study relied on both primary info, from interviews with selected formal and informal enterprises and regulatory agencies within Ghana, and their secondary data were derived from a review of statutory familiarations such as the Constitution of Ghana, Acts of Parliament, Statutes, Codes, Contracts, rules and procedures and conventions embeding institutions.Their purpose was to examine the characteristics of formal and informal rules and regulations governing the establishment and operation of international and indigenous businesses, how these have evolved over time and how they may have impacted economic performance. For their quantitative economic analysis, their study used a panel of 256 Ghanian manufacturing rigids over the period 1991-2002 to analyze the conclusion to which an efficacious state-business relationship is beneficial to economic performance.Focusing on total factor productivity, they found out that an effective State Business Relations (SBR) or a sound enthronization humour correlates positively with better firm performance, possibly channeled via a more best allocation of resources in the economy. Concerning the effect of the investment climate indicators, their results showed that an unfriendly investment climate illustrated by dint of firms perceptions about economic and regulatory form _or_ system of government uncertainty bear on their operations and harvest-feast atomic number 18 negatively correspond with productivity.With regards to the SBR measures, they found that social networks as indicated through the extent to which firms or their managers have close contacts within the government or bureaucracy had a statistically positive correlation with firm performance. Their results indicated that cosmos swell connected with those who make and implement government policy change magnitudes the chances of being able to lobby to pass over some of the difficulties confronting normal business enterprises, such as the issuing of procedures it takes to obtain licenses and permits and the number of days it takes to clear merchandise nigh(a)s from the port. biography analysis of state agencies and Private endeavours Foundations perceptions of SBRs in Ghana from 1992 to 2008 which besides coincides and extends beyond the period of econometric analysis of SBRs on firm performance confirms the results discussed above. Both state and BAs agree on a shift from a predominantly ad hoc and informal clientelistic relationship to a more formal and synergistic SBRs in Ghana since 1992. Formal and regularized meetings amongst state agencies and businesses have positively impacted on firm productivity.They conclude for instance, PEFs formal advocacy portion and function resulted in the use of GCNET to expedite clearing of imported goods. Business concerns of firms are channeled more often through formal by BAs to state agencies. Firms through their BAs make inputs into budget and other policy on adjudge basis. Moreover, significant formal relationship mingled with the executive and BAs such as the investors advisory council have helped firms stay close to government and bureaucracy. Overall, their findings contribute to understanding that touch base between an effective state business relations and economic performance.Their paper adds to the work through with(p) by Qureshi and te Velde (2007) by investigati ng the key determinants of firm performance and also assessing the relationship between an effective SBR and firm productivity in Ghana. The results of their study stress the need for an enabling environment for the private sector. Experiences from East and Southeast Asian economies have also shown that investment and productivity growth critically flexible joints on an effective and vibrant private sector underpinned by a sound investment climate.Promoting a sound investment climate is one of the nitty-gritty responsibilities of the state in both developed and developing countries to achieve rapid capital accumulation and sustained growth and poverty reduction. Markets are good but are not without flaws. Thus, in order for inequalities in incomes and opportunities not to be exacerbated by the grocerys, it is important that the some(prenominal) constraints that capture the private sector from responding effectively to marketplace incentives are removed, complemented with an in creased effectiveness of government involvement in supporting private sector activities. asunder from the positive effect of SBRs on economic performance, the other lesson which stub be drawn from their paper is that even though successive governments in Ghana have shown some commitment to supporting a viable private sector that commitment has, at the same time, been undermined by governments own fear of a strong private sector acting as a countervailing pound and thereby weakening their monopoly over neo-patrimonialism. Consequently, the commitment may be seen as a public relations hoax.An effective SBR in Ghana requires sustained adjudge political commitment to policies that sees the private sector as a catalyst and instigant of pro-poor growth and breeding. In their Introduction, they pointed out a number of theoretical models which provides galore(postnominal) compelling reasons why effective SBRs would stimulate economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic growth has b een an important topic of discussion in almost each economy for a very long time. Previous research has found steady increases in investment and productivity to be of the essence(p) to a acress long-run economic growth and poverty reduction.Experiences from East and Southeast Asian economies have also shown that investment and productivity growth critically hinge on an effective and vibrant private sector underpinned by a sound investment climate. Promoting a sound investment climate is one of the core responsibilities of the state in both developed and developing countries to achieve rapid capital accumulation and sustained growth and poverty reduction. The economic reform programmes introduced in more developing countries during the 1980s stressed the need for a propitious enabling environment for the private sector.Initially there were high expectations that a software product of macroeconomic reforms (getting the prices right) would give quick dividends in terms of economi c growth. There has been growing disappointment with the growth record in many an(prenominal) developing countries. Increased globalization and trade liberalization have led to a realization of the huge potential for the private sector but has also led to a considerable shift in the relationship between the public and private sector actors. Empirically, the size and role of the private sector is clearly evolving with globalization.Many high-growth nations have relied on markets to allocate resources. Markets, however, are not without flaws. And in order for inequalities in incomes and opportunities not to be exacerbated by the markets, it is important that the many constraints that inhibit the poor from responding effectively to market incentives are removed. A well-functioning market system, underpinned by strong institutions, with adequate protection of intellectual and physical property rights, and smart interventions by the state, provides an enabling environment for businesse s and individuals to innovate, compete and create value for all.This encapsulates the paramount importance of inclusive growth, i. e. , creating economic opportunities through sustainable growth and making the opportunities available to all including the poor. The relationship between the state and business in forging economic growth and increment has been an enduring area of research for both economists and political scientists since the industrial Revolution of the 17th Century.Literature and research findings have emphasized both the positive and negative roles of the state in promoting markets and economic informations. By the early 1980s, many interventionist states had been judged to have failed in their quest to directly promote economic development. The public sector in most states became big and excessive, while government control of economic activities was counterproductive as pricing and subsidies favoured the urban few.Among developing countries, Import Substitution In dustrialization (ISI) misallocated resources, discouraged exports and limited importation or transfer of much required technology (Kohli, 2000). Quite contrary to the neo-liberal economic views held by most international development agencies that state interventions in economic growth and development was counterproductive, the role of states in development and the conjurement of pro-poor growth cannot be overstated (Amsden, 1989 Wade, 1990).Notable examples of states like Japan, South Korea in the 1980s and most recently China and India in the late 1990s show the positive role states can play in promoting development and poverty reduction among developing economies. Chalmers (1982) shows that in the case of Japan the states ability to prioritize areas for economic development, support private entrepreneurs and undertake direct and indirect interventions in economy promoted economic development. such developmental states positively alter market incentive structures, manage conflict s, reduce risks and give direction to entrepreneurs (Kohli, 2000). Similarly, the World Bank Report of 1997 acknowledged the important roles of both the state and market, verbalise that an effective state is vital for the provision of goods and function that allow markets to flourish and people to lead healthier, happier lives (World Bank 19971). In short, the state also needs to establish and maintain the institutions that encourage or allow growth-related economic activity. spot neoliberal growth theorists officially support a minimal role for government in economic affairs, it is still the case that economic growth generally depends upon a strong government and also relies on the state to construct and organize markets (MacEvan 19992-19). Since independence in 1957, Ghana has been making slow and unsteady progress in achieving structural change and economic transformation. Successive Ghanaian governments have undertaken a number of reforms targeted at improving the investment c limate and promoting private sector meshing in the economy.In 1992, when the Fourth Republican Constitution was promulgated to usher in multi-party democracy, several other development policies were introduced to augment market interventions for sustainable private sector development. The country adopted and implemented neoliberal structural adjustment programmes and market reforms. Apart from pursuing a vigorous free-market economic, industrial and trade policy, it also adopted a liberalized investment policy, with the goal of attracting foreign investment as well as promoting joint ventures between foreign and local investors.Certain social, political and economic patterns of change have emerged, such as, an expanding private sector and the establishment of profound and regulatory structures. Some improvements have also been attained in the provision of infrastructure, health and education, macroeconomic stability, and ongoing reforms in the financial sector. These changes, howe ver, are unlikely to insure the needs of the private sector in todays complex globalized world. Fundamental problems in the political and administrative system still persist condescension many attempts at reform.Problems remain in relation to formalizing business operations in the country and corruption continues to be a problematic factor for doing business in Ghana. Many private companies encounter difficulties with regulations and continuing administrative inertia and corruption. A fairly high percentage of companies surveyed by the World Bank and IFC Enterprise Survey in 2007 report that they expect to pay informal payments to public officials to get things done such as securing an operating license, meeting evaluate obligations and securing government contract.The survey also indicates that the burden of customs procedures in Ghana is quite cumbersome and constitutes a competitive disadvantage. Delays in customs procedures are sometimes fence as they create opportunities fo r officials to request unofficial payments. Against this backdrop, the purpose of their study was to examine the efficacy or otherwise of institutional arrangements put in appear by various governments since to promote state business relations aimed at promoting economic growth and reducing poverty. The main objectives of their study were to ? ssess the political and economic factors that have either promoted or undermined the effective functioning of private sector growth in Ghana ? identify and discuss the influence of formal and informal institutions on pro-poor policy decision- making and implementation and ? examine the key determinants of state-business relations (SBRs) and their effects on corporate performance in Ghana. Their study took a multi-disciplinary approach that includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the disciplines of political science, economics, and organizational management.Primary data include interviews with selected formal and informal enterpr ises and regulatory agencies within Ghana. Secondary data included review of statutory literature such as the Constitution of Ghana, Acts of Parliament, Statutes, codes, contracts, rules and procedures and conventions establishing institutions. Their purpose here is to examine the characteristics of formal and informal rules and regulations governing the establishment and operation of businesses, how these have evolved over time, and how they may have impacted on economic performance.For the quantitative economic analysis, the study uses micro-econometric methods based on firm level data to investigate the linkages between measures of SBRs and firm performance. Cross-sectional and panel data regression analyses were employed to analyze how measures of effective SBRs relate to firm-level productivity. In their conceptualizing state-business relations, they highlighted that, most development theories that emerged in the early 19th light speed discussed economic and political relation s among both developed and developing countries.Many theorists commented on the relations between the state and society which also comprised economic groups. While development remained the overarching focus of such studies, much of what was discussed had direct bearings on the relationship between emergent states in the developing world and how economic agents interacted. Then, the relationship between states and markets were conceived in ideological terms. Capitalists who wrote after Adam Smith emphasized the importance of markets in generating wealth.Most commentators claimed markets can self-regulate. Marxists writers on the other hand introduced class relations in how state and markets operate with claims that dominant classes who control wealth creation in most polities capture the state to pass laws and institutions that favour their cause. In between these two extreme positions on state and markets, many variant views were suggested to explain specific circumstances.Conventio nal economic theorists see the state as an important initiator and catalyst of growth and development (Martinussen, 1997220). What still remains contentious is how states are conceptualised. Martinussen (1997222) lists two major approaches and four dimensions of the state. A society-centred approach attaches much importance to societal structures and social forces that exert great impact on what become the state such that state power, apparatus and functions derive from economic agents and social forces of societies (Poulantzas, 1978). State-centred approaches give greater autonomy to state apparatuses and state personnel who act independently of economic agents, social classes or involution groups (Clark and Dear, 1984). Myrdals point about discretionary powers of political leaders is shared by dialectic modernization theorists like Jackson and Rosberg (1982) who noted that African rulers personality takes precedence over rules. State-business relations take place in such politic al environments where patron-client relationships exist throughout Africa (Sandbrook, 1985).In the absence of a legal framework that ensures security of property impartial public services that directly facilitate intersection and the regulation of foreign economic relations that maximises national interest, informal ties like blood relations, ethnic origins and personal access to political leadership dictate the pace of SBR in many parts of Africa. More recently since the early 1980s, following the monumental role played by states in Asia to transform third world economies into developed states, many theorists have offered explanations on the role of states and markets (Johnson, 1987, Evans, 1995).Conclusions made by such scholars indirectly places emphasis on the charming blend between the developmental goals of the state and the profit maximization drive of private sector institutions in Asia. On macroeconomic impacts, the articles revealed the factors responsible for market il l are the existence of monopoly, public goods (goods which are non-rival and non-excludable) and externalities. Others include imperfect and asymmetric information and increasing returns to scale.These factors disturb the optimal allocation of resources in the economy necessitating government intervention. For example, firms in their activities generate an externality which may end up affecting other firms or individuals with the cost or benefit of doing so not reflected in the value of their trans litigates. Similarly, these firms in the absence of training and adequate knowledge on the importance of investing in transferable worker skills, may under- invest in the skills and capacity of its general workers. The government or public sector is also not exempt from failures.Government failure is said to occur when government action results in a less efficient allocation of resources. As such government intervention though necessary, may not be sufficient in addressing the failures in the market. This is because often, particularly in developing economies, governments lack the institutional and structural capabilities such as perfect information, practical and feasible development plans, essential logistics and structures that are required for addressing the failures which arise from the market.Also, government intervention in the market may result in crowding out which occurs when the government expands its borrowing more to finance increased expenditure or tax cuts in excess of revenue, crowding out private sector investment by way of higher interest rates. Similarly, government intervention activities may suffer intense lobbying and rent-seeking activities especially in countries with high records of corruption, eventually resulting in the misallocation of resources in the economy.With this background, it is obvious that a SBR is extremely essential. Such a relationship provides the solution to state, market and coordination failures. In principle, business a ssociations play a significant role in facilitating the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of economic policies and provision of feedback to the government (Hisahiro, 2005). In addition, such a relationship between the state and the private sector plays a central role in providing a bridge between the business community and political circles.Further, these relations establish communication links between the government and businesses to exchange wide-range economic information, such as on industrial development, export markets and research and development (RD). In short, by establishing networks between the state and the market, concrete and practical data on industries, markets and technologies are obtained and shared which may dole out as an important information bureau for effective industrial and state policies.Harriss (2006) argues that a favorable collaboration between the state and business may have positive consequences for the growth of the economy as a whole, as l ong as certain mechanisms are in place which facilitate the following transparency- the die hard of ideal and reliable information, both ways, between the business and government reciprocity between the business and the government credibility- such that the market is able to believe what the state actors say and high levels of trust through transparency, reciprocity and credibility.Hence, appropriate government policies, necessary for promoting economic growth in general and private sector development in particular are made possible by an efficient and fruitful state business relations and dialogues. On microeconomic impacts, the article suggested that, a well-structured, organized and effective relationship between the state and the market which satisfies the conditions of transparency, reciprocity, credibility and trust enhances the productivity of the firm in so many important ways.Firstly, an effective SBR helps to reduce policy uncertainties in the economy. Expectations play a major role in the activities of firms and investors particularly when it comes to savings decisions, the attribute of investment to undertake or the type of goods to produce, the period of production, the quantities to be produced, the technology to be used, how and where to market what has been produced and even how pricing of the commodities should be done.All these decisions are taken based on anticipated market conditions and expected profitability. As such any uncertainty in the economy tends to affect the activities of these firms, the level of investment and consequently the level of economic activity, which translates into economic growth. The absence of clear policies causes these firms to operate in uncertain environments, exposing their businesses to undue risks and resource shortages.Dixit and Pindyck (1994) argue that uncertainty tends to have significant negative effects on investment, especially when investment involves large sunk and irreversible costs. Against th is backdrop, it is quite clear that businesses which have a better and effective relationship with the government may not be in the dark when it comes to policy decisions. Several studies confirm the negative effect that uncertainty has on investment.For instance, Bonds and Cummins (2004), in a survey of publicly-traded US companies, found that uncertainty has a negative effect on investment in both the short- and the long -run. Similarly, Ghosal (2003) was also able to show that periods of greater uncertainty have a crucial effect on industry dynamics and thus results in a decrease in the number of small firms and establishments and also a marginal increase in industrial concentration.In short, a greater correspondence and interaction between the state and the business enhances the free flow of information on likely policies and reduce the level of uncertainty in the business environment, which is expected to result in a greater business confidence, quick firm-decision making and more accurate forecasting. Secondly, an effective liaison between the state and the market results in tailor-made, accurate and efficient government policies and institutions.In other words, an effective SBR will ensure that government policies towards businesses are appropriate and of good quality. This is because, in the presence of such an effective relationship between the state and the market, the design of government policies will be done, among other things, using the input of and in consultation with the private sector. Regular interactions and sharing of information will ensure that the private sector objectives coincide with public action and that local level issues are inputted into the centralized policy processes.The private sector through that will be able to identify opportunities and constraints, as well as possible policy options for creating incentives, lowering investment risks and reducing the cost of doing business. This result in more efficient and convenient g overnment regulations and policies such as tax regimes, licensing requirements and propriety rights obtained through policy dialogues and advocacy which will go a long way to reduce the risks and costs faced by firms and eventually enhance their productivity.Finally, a good relationship between the state and businesses arrests about an improvement in the quality, relevance and appropriateness of government taxing and spending plans. An effective relationship will help to ensure that certain facilities and mechanisms necessary for the survival of businesses are available and operational. This is because what motivates a firm to take risks, innovate and improve its performance depends crucially on the availability of certain services, much as it may depend on the private incentive facing the firm.Examples of these public services are good infrastructural system, information and communication technology, legal and judicial services, defense and security, availability of finance as wel l as the availability of human and physical capital. These facilities and systems affect the firms productivity both directly and indirectly. For example, the provision of basic amenities like water and electricity affect productivity directly by facilitating the smooth running of businesses.On the other hand, the provision of infrastructure though may not directly affect productivity will indirectly enhance the transportation of inputs and output to and from the production sites which will enhance the speed of production and also the quality of marketed products and eventually enhance their productivity. The efficient delivery of these public services require an active participation of the private sector which will be responsible for lobbying the government to increase its spending in those areas, creating a more favorable environment for investment.Again, a good SBR is also able to stimulate and sustain innovation. Schumpeter (1940) explains that innovation is one of main forces b ehind firm dynamics and economic growth. Also, sometimes such collaboration between the government and businesses may result in the government taking the lead to encourage and motivate the private sector to engage in research and development by providing incentives, venture capital for new enterprises and also appropriate property rights. All these activities by the government affect the productivity of the firms directly and encourage gain investment.In effect, effective and sustained SBR can ameliorate both market and government failures, which are pervasive in most developing countries, and consequently bring about an increase in the growth of the economy. In conclusion and policy implications, they concluded that the relationship between states and businesses in forging economic growth and development has been an enduring area of research for economists and political scientists since the Industrial Revolution of the 17th Century.The relationship between the state and business c ommunity in Ghana has varied since independence. Though each government has had distinct relations with business and private sector, civilian governments have generally promoted and enjoyed good rapport with the business community while military governments especially in the 1980s have tended to have confrontations with the private sector.This study used a multi-disciplinary approach that included both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the disciplines of political science, economics, history, sociology and organizational management. To seek to understand what constitutes effective SBR, and to assess how SBR are related to economic performance, the study relied on historical institutionalist inductive theories- comparative historical analysis and path-dependence, among others.For this analysis, the study relied on both primary data, from interviews with selected formal and informal enterprises and regulatory agencies within Ghana, and secondary data derived from a review of sta tutory literature such as the Constitution of Ghana, Acts of Parliament, Statutes, Codes, Contracts, rules and procedures and conventions establishing institutions. The purpose here was to examine the characteristics of formal and informal rules and regulations governing the establishment and operation of foreign and indigenous businesses, how these have evolved over time and how they may have impacted conomic performance. For the quantitative economic analysis, the study used a panel of 256 Ghanaian manufacturing firms over the period 1991-2002 to analyze the extent to which an effective SBR is beneficial to economic performance. Focusing on total factor productivity, we have found that an effective SBR or a sound investment climate correlates positively with better firm performance, possibly channelled via a more optimal allocation of resources in the economy.Concerning the effect of the investment climate indicators, our results show that an unfriendly investment climate illustra ted through firms perceptions about economic and regulatory policy uncertainty affecting their operations and growth are negatively are negatively correlated with productivity, while social networks as indicated through the extent to which firms or their managers have close contacts within the government or bureaucracy have a statistically positive correlation with firm performance.These results indicate that being well connected with those who make and implement government policy increases the chances of being able to lobby to overcome some of the difficulties confronting normal business enterprises, such as the number of procedures it takes to obtain licenses and permits and the number of days it takes to clear imported goods from the port. Narrative analysis of state agencies and PEFs perceptions of SBRs in Ghana from 1992 to 2008 which also coincides and extends beyond the period of econometric analysis of SBRs on firm performance confirms the results discussed above.Both state and BAs agree on a shift from a predominantly ad hoc and informal clientelistic relationship to a more formal and synergistic SBRs in Ghana since 1992. Formal and regularized meetings between state agencies and businesses have positively impacted on firm productivity. For instance, PEFs formal advocacy role and function resulted in the use of GCNET to expedite clearing of imported goods. Business concerns of firms are channeled more often through formal by BAs to state agencies.Firms through their BAs make inputs into budget and other policy on formalized basis. Moreover, strong formal relationship between the executive and BAs such as the investors advisory council have helped firms stay close to government and bureaucracy. Overall, our findings contribute to understanding the link between an effective SBR and economic performance. This paper adds to the work done by Qureshi and te Velde (2007) by investigating the key determinants of firm performance and also assessing the relatio nship between an effective SBR and firm productivity in Ghana.The results of the study stress the need for an enabling environment for the private sector. Experiences from East and Southeast Asian economies have also shown that investment and productivity growth critically hinges on an effective and vibrant private sector underpinned by a sound investment climate. Promoting a sound investment climate is one of the core responsibilities of the state in both developed and developing countries to achieve rapid capital accumulation and sustained growth and poverty reduction.Markets are good but are not without flaws. Thus, in order for inequalities in incomes and opportunities not to be exacerbated by the markets, it is important that the many constraints that inhibit the private sector from responding effectively to market incentives are removed, complemented with an increased effectiveness of government involvement in supporting private sector activities.Apart from the positive effect of SBRs on economic performance, the other lesson which can be drawn from the paper is that even though successive governments in Ghana have shown some commitment to supporting a viable private sector that commitment has, at the same time, been undermined by governments own fear of a strong private sector acting as a countervailing force and thereby weakening their monopoly over neopatrimonialism.Consequently, the commitment may be seen as a public relations hoax. An effective SBR in Ghana requires sustained formalized political commitment to policies that sees the private sector as a catalyst and initiator of pro-poor growth and development.

Fast Food and Vending Machines Aren’t the Problem Essay

There has been an ongoing debate as to whether g elbow rooms should be allowed to subsidize and deal out fast food in the cafeterias as well as the use of vending machines in schools. I believe that it is when people who prep bed the food started to relapse sight of proper nutrition and portioning that made the problem. In some schools, vending machines are also part of the money-making machine that helps fund a schools various faculty member and day to day activities. At the Old Orchard Beach groom, it has been reported thatThe team implemented Tulane Universitys CATCH nutrition education curriculum and wrote school vending policies that led to the removal of sodas and junk foods, and replaced them with water, 100% fruit juices, and healthier snack options. The vending machine signage was changed to advertise water instead of soda pop. The vendors were very(prenominal) cooperative in making the changes, and vending revenues have remained the same. Students have also taken an a ctive role by writing their own nutrition policies, such(prenominal) as policies regarding foods served for classroom parties.At the Vista High school, Enid Hohn is the Director of Child living Services for Vista School District. He has learned to use the required evil to the benefit of his students and the school system. In 2005, with the support of the School Superintendent, he converted the junk vending machine at the Vista High School into a healthy, popular, moneymaking machine for the school. He relates the success story of his pilot project this way The Principal was not very enthusiastic about this change.He indicated that he had been receiving $600. 00 per month ($7,200. 00 per year) in vending commission and was not interested in losing it. CNS gave him a $10,000. 00 signing bonus to offset his fears. We had difficulty get students interested in signing up to try all the free food and beverages so we set up sample tables in a room close to the eating area and coerced st udents to come in and help us. We conducted food testing for three days and involved about 100 students.Once that was through it was important to set up focus groups with various students. Once school started we determined thither was a need for additional machines due to the popularity of the Healthy preference Vending Program and the volume of items students were purchasing. (qtd. in Healthy Vending The Vending Challenge paragraph 16) I am arguing that school vending machines should be allowed to sell fast food that fall under specified criteria controlled by the Child Nutrition Services of each school district based on the above information.The school earns the funding they need while staying within the guidelines of proper health and nutrition, while the children nutritious food without knowing it. Certain school districts point that selling junk food and sodas in vending machines which are easily accessible to students in between classes since these are mostly located in the manse cause deterioration in the students over all performance. It makes him sluggish, gives him a shorter attention span and prevents him from concentrating. Jeffrey Koplan, vice president of for academic health personal business of Emory University has stated thatObesity may be a personal issue, hardly at the same time, families, communities, and corporations all are adversely affected by fleshiness and all bear responsibility for changing social norms to better promote healthier lifestyles. We recognize that several of our recommendations challenge entrenched aspects of American life and business, but if we are not willing to make some fundamental shifts in our attitudes and actions, obesitys toll on our nations health and wellbeing will only worsen. (qtd. in home(a) Effort Urgently Needed to Combat Childhood ObesityActions Required by Schools, Families, Communities, Industry, and Government paragraph 2. ) In addition, the National Effort Urgently Needed to Combat Childhood Obesity Actions Required by Schools, Families, Communities, Industry, and Government, report also warned parents and schools alike that By the time they are 14 old age old, 52 percent of boys and 32 percent of girls are drinking three or more eight-ounce servings of soda a day. It would help for us to remember that vending machines dont stock themselves, we do.This whole argument will prove to be a farce if the parents of the children cant or wont supervise the children or serve a nutritionally balanced meal at home. I refer you once again to the judgement of the National Effort Urgently Needed to Combat Childhood Obesity Actions Required by Schools, Families, Communities, Industry, and Government report Parents can exert a sonorous influence on their children by promoting healthy foods and an active lifestyle from an early age and serving as role models.Parents can encourage their children to develop a healthy, varied diet by introducing new foods in a persistent but non-coerci ve fashion. Studies show that repeated exposure is most critical during the early years of life and that it can take five to 10 exposures to a new food before a child will accept it. (qtd. in National Effort Urgently Needed to Combat Childhood Obesity Actions Required by Schools, Families, Communities, Industry, and Government paragraph 5 I therefore, would like to reiterate that, there is no real reason with which to ban junk food and vending machines in schools.Instead, schools should learn to package healthy junk food. Learn how to use these things in order to promote good health and proper nutrition. The students will certainly be much more receptive of this approach.Works Cited1. Enid Hohn, R. D. , Director of Child Nutrition Services. Healthy Vending The Vending Challenge. November 2006. November 13, 2006 2. National Effort Urgently Needed to Combat Childhood ObesityActions Required by Schools, Families, Communities, Industry, and Government. September 30, 2004. November 13, 2006. 3. Schools and School Districts That deport Improved School Food and Beverages and Not Lost Revenue. November 2006. November 13, 2006. 4. Bruce Buchanan. Getting to Wellness. October 2005. November 13, 2006.

Emotional Labour Essay

This cut across investigates the work work tell on manners and prepargon offered to the floor sales module at Next comp bed to that of those who build in the stock room. I would like to know how each environment affects the give verboteners emotions. I think its an definitive interrogative to ask because the people that work on the shop floor are constantly in impact with customers. It could be express that those that work in the stock room are non part of the stage setting and are to a greater extent like the stage crew who work behind the scenes.I think it is important then to firstborn address what emotion is. Emotion theory is centred on the relationship of the somebody and its environment (Lazarus, 1991 p40). This has implications on the question that I am posing as the stock room workers interact in a different environment to their colleagues on the shop floor.There are two fundamental viewpoints to emotion the organismal and interactionalist viewpoint. The organis mic ensample developing from the work of Charles Darwin, William mob and early Sigmund Freud,Defines emotion mainly as a biological process. For Freud emotion affect is libidinal discharge, for Darwin its instinct and for James its the perception of a psychological process(Hochschild, 1983 p205)This leads organismic theorists to believe that on that point is a basic similarity of emotion across categories of people (Hochschild, 1983). The organismic model brings us to an elicitation-expression model (Hochschild, 1983)Interactionists believe emotion constantly involves a biological component still adds more points to social factors, which are present before, aft(prenominal) and during the experience of emotion. For example why does a customer become violent when refused a refund, what in their cultural environment constitutes their response? If we conceptualise emotion as instinctive we will ignore questions about social entry. (Hochschild, 1983)Emotions are experienced by ind ividuals and through intention or inadvertent communication may be deduced by others who are observing. (Lazarus, 1991 p40) Emotions dejection be a valuable source of information in determining how people are getting along. However, turn out acting can disguise true emotion so you essential be wary when reading emotions.Society and biological inheritance creates a name of behaviour that shape emotion and expressions of the individual (Lazarus, 1991 p40). I believe this statement relates to the way that shop assistants and customers are expected to be consider. As you will feel the schooling offered to the sales lag shows ingredients of the work force how to act in a socially excepted way which is common practice in all chain stores.In a shopping environment how other people feel is a huge factor as to whether they buy some(prenominal)thing or not. Sales module to some extent can influence this. I believe that for a customer to feel at home in a shop the sales provide n eed to be friendly and approachable whereby you feel even if you havent bought any thing this clip you are welcome back again.I think that this is the key to the success of stores like Next and Marks and Spencers where modules have the correct shop manners to keep the customers coming back. From interviews undertaken with staff at Next I have uncovered strict guidelines in teach which each new member of staff has to go through. (I will discuss this and whether I think it is appropriate later.)Drawing on my own experience, I have worked in what you would call a downmarket clothes store and no training of shop manners was offered to me. It was my first proper job so I did feel as if I was being thrown in at the difficult end. However, the shop was very small and my C.V. demonstrated that I had good people skills as I had worked on a market stall at the weekends and holi twenty-four hourss. I assume that management didnt feel the need to train me in what they thought should be the obvious way to behave towards customers.After speaking to elder sales staff at next and sponsors, these are longer standing members of staff who train new staff using the guidelines (see Appendix), I have self-contained that management wish the customer to feel that they are the most important thing and that their shopping experience is being made easier by the staff.Next attend to have thought out its training program very clearly and assigns specific amounts of time to each activity. This helps to give the impression that training is viewed as an important part of the job. I think that Next places emphasis on its training as it is a chain store and it often directs customers to local stores if the stock isnt available at the branch at which they are visiting, this calls for a sense of conformity between stores.I evaluated the training sessions which, are appropriate to the questions I am petition, by interviewing staff on how appropriate each session is, how achievable are the actions set out and how they affect emotions. The overall reaction that I had from staff was that they felt the training to be very obvious and many sponsors admitted to skipping through the training as quickly as possible because of this fact. Sponsors felt that by training staff with this obvious manner of behaviour was assuming that the trainee was, when prompted by myself, turned on(p)ly incapable of selecting the correct emotions for the customer bit.Training session 1 (Appendix Shop Manners).The trainee is told to be aware and not to get tied down in tasks when I asked staff about the reality of this they said they found it very annoying to be approached by customers when doing a job and often resented customers for bothering them. However, this is where surface acting comes into play the employee hides what they feel and pretends what they dont (Hochschild, 1983). The action is in the system language, for example the tack on smile and sweet voice as it is for the people o bserved by Erving Goffman (cited in Hochschild, 1983 p35). The employee has to think back to their training to pick the right body language.A typical scenarioNow interrupted from a task possibly holding a huge pile of stock in their hand the employees are given a strict formula to follow, eye contact, a smile, appropriate greeting and to be friendly and impartial. This is a heavily task when obviously it is hostile for the customer to target them and often there is another member of staff nearby doing nothing. However, the surface acting must continue as the corporate guide word of The customer always comes first is relayed in your mind, plus I dont want to lose my job if they complain to head office. Company master also works along who fears whom. As with flight attendants the fear hierarchy works indirectly through customers complaining, to head office (Hochschild, 1983).This type of scenario links with the question posed by Hochschild(1983 p89) that when feelings are set by management and where workers have weaker rights to courtesy then consumers do, when deep and surface acting are forms of labour to be sold what happens to the way a person relates to her feelings or to her face? Employees said that when they were the customers they were more aware of the shop assistants emotions and tried to be more courteous. However, they may incisively feel as though they do this because they wish that people would do this for them.I do believe that this statement does have some truth but surely when the stage setting is different, when they are the customer and not the server they assume the actions of the customer. As on the stage as in breeding the person is the locus of the acting process. But when an institution is involved various acting elements are taken away from the individual and replaced by institutional mechanisms. In this possibility the fact that the customer comes first. The locus of acting, of emotional management, moves to the level of the i nstitution. (Hochschild 1983 p49) The people are arranged according to institutional custom and the workers surface act in institutionally approved ways.Training Session 2 (Appendix In-Store Security)This training session makes shop assistants conscious of the need to be aware and the need for acknowledgement of the customers. You can use your training of greeting the customer in a functional way, to help reduce the comfort of shoplifters who are always aware of who is watching them. old staff said that it gets easier to spot thieves with practice you get to learn their tricks of diverting your attention. Even though you have to be suspicious of certain customers you must always remember your training and be cultured even if you feel that they are up to no good.Training Session 3 (Appendix Stockroom)As you can see none of the training here is connected to personal conduct, it doesnt attempt to tell you how to act where as the shop floor assistants are told to be friendly, sincere, polite, self-confident and have a smile. They are even told that conversations must be work related.When questioned on the reality of this last statement floor staff said they do have non-work related conversations but they are of a toned down nature to the way they would speak in private. When I asked the stockroom workers about their conversations they said that if they were in a patch to have a conversation it would be more animated then if having it on the shop floor as they are not in public.Training Session 12 (Appendix Till Service)Customer interaction is crucial at the till point. Again the trainee is told how to act, to be sincere and polite. I asked staff how easy it was to do this.A typical scenarioIts a very busy Saturday and all the tills are in operation when greeted by the customer with comments such as I have been waiting ever such a long time, you know and the like, it is difficult to be sincere and polite as there is nothing the staff can do to make the queue go any quicker. The staff member surface acts with her painted on smile and polite apologies.In the training suggestions of possible conversation are complimenting customers on their choice of purchase. Till operators said they tended to deep act in this case, barely saying it if they meant it. Deep acting is a natural result of working on feeling expression is spontaneous (Hochschild 1983). As the Russian director Constantin Stanivlaski puts it a real feeling that has been self-induced (cited in Hochschild 1983 p35).The refund and exchange policy is an important part of training because it is the most likely time for customer conflict. The staff member is instructed to treat the customer in the same way as they would if they were making a purchase, this is easy if the customer has a receipt or is a well-known customer. But if the customer doesnt have a receipt it makes it harder in some cases because you have the suspicion that the customer may have stolen the fit out.In this situ ation the staff member is advised that the best thing to do is get a manager. As formal rules that prop up an institution set limits to the emotional possibilities that staff have to feel (Hochschild 1983). The point that demonstrates this is the manager gets paid more then a shop assistant because their pay package covers them for the emotional insults, which they may receive from refusing to give a customer a refund.I asked the managers how they dealt with abusive behaviour from customers. Managers gain the experience for dealing with inconvenient customers and they assured me that it gets easier as time goes on. You have to detach what you are feeling from the situation and not let your own anger, or in some extreme cases fear get in the way.(Appendix Initial Training Requirement Chart)This gives a summary of all the training offered to the different roles at Next. As you can see all staff members that are present on the shop floor, for any point of their shift, the number one tr aining session is shop manners. This is not part of the stockroom workers training.(Appendix Sponsors Guidelines- 6.Performance sound judgment Standards)This table demonstrates that all staff working on floor cover, fitting room, till benefit or replenishment are those that could possibly come into contact with customers. It demonstrates that shop floor staff members are assessed on their ability to smile and make eye contact with the customer and to be aware of shoppers. Stockroom staff members, on the other hand, are assessed solely on their physical, rather then any emotional objectives.Are our feelings really our own? From the research obtained in this report it is clear to see that the staff working on the shop floor are shown how to act where as in the stock room its practically more natural emotion. Institutional practice shapes the way in which shop floor workers are expected to behave.What makes some individuals prefer to work in the stock room compared to the shop floor ? I asked the stockroom workers why they liked to work in the stockroom. I received comments such as. You can be more yourself as you dont have to work in uniform. I think that management enforce a strict offend dress policy on shop floor workers to help them get into the role, which they have to play it is part of the act.In the stockroom you dont have to interact with customers. Some of the stockroom staff said the horror stories they have heard about customers puts them off working on the shop floor. As customers see to be oblivious to the feelings of shop floor workers and assume that they are there just to serve them.The stockroom has quite a different atmosphere to the shop floor it is more relaxed, you often get shop floor sales staff coming in for a break from the hustle and bustle of the shop floor. The stockroom workers said that on many occasions sales staff come in and tell them about incidents with customers that have just happened. This helps the member of staff to c alm down, as the stockroom member often is able to bring them to reality and point out that it is only a customer and not to get wound up. In the surroundings of the back office the sales floor worker is able to put the situation in context of life and go back to the act moments later.Does personality have something to do with whether you like working in the stockroom or the shop floor? From observation and asking the floor staff it seems to me that the quieter people work in the stock room. When I questioned staff members on why they enjoyed working in the stock room I deduced they dont feel the need to be on the stage acting, to them it is false they would rather be left to their own devices.I asked the floor staff whether they minded working in the stockroom as sometimes staff shortages calls for this. They said they didnt mind but preferred the interaction and liveliness of the shop floor this corresponds with previous research, which shows emotional labourers like contact with the customer. Even though customers can be very unpleasant. (MG2076 starter pack The Survey).Sales floor staff said they wished they could work in the stockroom on days when they were feeling under the weather as the need to act in the corporate apparent(prenominal) way was much harder because their true emotions were harder to suppress. On days when everything is going well staff said it was a pleasure to help customers that are appreciative of their service but a customer who feels it is their right to be served can bring an end to that. This suggests that workers feelings are not their own and shop assistants surface act from day to day.I would like to investigate status and sexual activity differences to see whether men or women are better equipped at working in either environment. Is emotion work as important for men as it is for women? (Hochschild, 1983 p 162) Hochschild believes it is not. Due to firstly lacking other resources women make a resource out of feeling.Secondly , each gender is called on to do different kinds of work, which Hochschild believes to be down to different childhood training of the heart that is given to girls and boys (Hochschild, 1983 p163). I think this gender separation at work is becoming less apparent as equal rights laws are being enforced and changing attitudes of society. At Next there is equality in the work place with men and women being treated equally with both being given the same responsibility.Thirdly, the general subordination of women leaves them more open to abuse. For example, a customer was being very rude to the floor manager on childrensware due to the fact that she refused to give the man a refund, because the garment had obviously been worn. The customer became very rude and abusive, which he thought would give him some hold over the woman.The female manager was about to give in to the customer when the shop manager, a man, noticed the disturbance and came over to assist his colleague. He refused to give the man a refund. I believe that as a man the shop manager saw the customer as a mere man and stood by the initial reaction of the female manager. The customer more intimidated by the act of the shop manager gave in very quickly and left the shop threatening I will let head office know about this. The manager was not browbeaten by this comment, as he knew the customer didnt have a leg to stand on.This situation also lends itself to the fact that a different proportion of the managed heart is enlisted for commercial use. (Hochschild, 1983 p163-164) Women make defensive use of their beauty, charm and relational skills, which due to commercial ontogeny can lead them to become estranged from these capacities. For male workers it is more their ability to wield anger and make threats that is used by the troupe and so this the strength which they are likely to feel estranged from. (Hochschild 1983)ConclusionEach environment has an impact on the workers emotions. The sales floor is wher e surface acting takes place throughout most of the working day. The stockroom is a place where deep acting is given more of a chance to occur due to the fact that the company dont suppose emotions upon its workers here.I think the training offered by Next is appropriate as it is what is institutionally expected by society. It is achievable by staff to act this way, as this is what they are getting paid to do. I think it does affect workers emotions being trained how to act because it must be hard to switch off at the end of the day. Eventually it must become instinctive to act in a socially expected way and it must become harder for staff members to express their true emotions when not at work.Bibliography* Hochschild, A. R. (1983) The Managed Heart the commercialisation of human feeling California University of California Press.* Lazarus, R. S. (1994) Emotion and Adaptation unexampled York Oxford University Press* MG2076s Starter PackMG 2076 Louise Goldstein